In recent years, the deepening cooperation between Uzbekistan and Pakistan has emerged as a significant new strategic direction across Eurasia. Two countries standing at the historic crossroads of ancient trade routes are now consistently building a modern “architecture of connectivity” that permeates all key areas, including the economy, culture, education, and technology. Their shared centuries-old historical roots, dating back to the era of the Great Silk Road, are being transformed into concrete projects and initiatives capable of strengthening economic resilience, ensuring technological independence, and creating a solid foundation for regional integration.

Since the early 2020s, relations between Tashkent and Islamabad have been developing steadily, largely driven by the strong political will of the leaders of both countries. The Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, signed in 2021, set a high pace for bilateral dialogue, opening a new chapter in the history of relations. Regular meetings at the highest level, active consultations between the foreign ministries, and engagement within international forums make it possible to address pressing issues in a timely manner, identify mutually acceptable solutions, and explore promising areas of cooperation.

A vivid confirmation of the strengthening bilateral ties was the official visit of the Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to Uzbekistan in February 2025 and his meeting with President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The leaders of both countries expressed deep satisfaction with the impressive dynamics of multifaceted cooperation encompassing the economy, investment, transport, digital technologies, and cultural and humanitarian exchanges.

Admiring the achievements of Uzbekistan’s large-scale reforms under the Presidency of Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Shehbaz Sharif stated that “miracles are possible only through a clear vision, high dynamism, hard work, and a resolute pursuit of a common goal.”

The culmination of the Prime Minister’s visit was the establishment of the High-Level Strategic Partnership Council, which imparted a new strategic impetus to bilateral relations. This step not only consolidated the prior agreements but also created a strong institutional platform for systematic cooperation.

The legislative framework of bilateral cooperation plays a key role in strengthening strategic interaction between Uzbekistan and Pakistan. A special contribution in this regard is made by inter-parliamentary friendship groups, which consistently promote legislative initiatives aimed at simplifying business procedures, increasing transparency, and creating a reliable legal environment for the implementation of joint projects. Their work forms a long-term platform of trust that ensures stability and predictability in bilateral relations.

The economic sector, in turn, serves as the most visible indicator of cooperation dynamics. Pakistan confidently ranks among Uzbekistan’s leading trade partners in South Asia, demonstrating strong interest in the Uzbek market. Over recent years, bilateral trade turnover has increased manifold and continues to grow steadily. In 2025, mutual trade exceeded $440 million, which is twelve times higher than in 2016, with particular attention drawn to Uzbek exports amounting to over $320 million.

These figures not only reflect the growing interest of businesses in both countries in expanding mutually beneficial cooperation but also demonstrate the emergence of a more diversified and resilient trade model incorporating new industries and segments. The current environment creates a foundation for further development of investment flows, financial services, and joint projects in mining, energy, and digital technologies, opening additional opportunities for deepening strategic partnership.

In line with agreements reached at the highest level, concrete steps have been outlined to increase bilateral trade turnover to $2 billion in the near future.

An important tool for achieving this goal has been the Preferential Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, which provides customs benefits for 17 categories of goods from each side. This significantly facilitates market entry for companies and stimulates the expansion of trade flows.

At the same time, business ties are expanding rapidly. An increasing number of Uzbek and Pakistani companies are finding partners, establishing joint ventures, and exploring new niches. As of October 1, 2025, around 180 companies with Pakistani capital are operating in Uzbekistan, reflecting growing business confidence in joint projects and long-term partnership.

Cooperation spans a wide range of sectors – from the textile and food industries to the production of construction materials, electrical equipment, and logistics. Regular meetings of the intergovernmental commission, business forums, and specialized exhibitions serve as effective platforms for direct dialogue, experience exchange, and contract signing. The agreements concluded at these venues already amount to hundreds of millions of dollars, generating tangible economic returns and laying a solid foundation for further expansion of cooperation.

In 2024, Tashkent hosted the first International Exhibition “Made in Pakistan” and a joint Logistics Forum, featuring more than 80 leading Pakistani companies. These events created a platform for direct business dialogue, demonstrating real opportunities for joint ventures and logistics cooperation.

In turn, a national exhibition “Made in Uzbekistan” was held in Lahore in February 2025, resulting in the signing of 181 bilateral trade agreements worth $500 million. These events clearly illustrate mutual interest in expanding trade turnover and growing business confidence in bilateral cooperation prospects.

Significant progress has also been achieved in investment cooperation. In 2024, $33 million in Pakistani investments were utilized within joint projects, and from January to July 2025 this figure more than doubled, reaching nearly $70 million. This steady growth reflects increasing interest in long-term projects, confirms the stability of the business environment, and opens new opportunities for expanding strategic partnership.

Active work continues on joint projects in the textile, pharmaceutical, perfumery, and agricultural sectors, allowing both sides to strengthen traditional industries while developing new high value-added niches. Notably, Uzbek companies are conducting feasibility studies in Pakistan for the production of household appliances, tractors, smart meters, and modern gas blocks, opening avenues for technological exchange and the adoption of advanced manufacturing solutions.

Particular attention is paid to the digital sphere, where a broad range of promising initiatives is emerging: software development, IT solutions for business and public services, and joint startups and innovation projects. This direction accelerates technological modernization, enhances competitiveness, and facilitates the integration of digital products into key sectors of the economy.

Trade infrastructure development is also a key priority. In 2025, Uzbek trade houses were opened in Lahore and Karachi, with plans to establish Pakistani trade missions in Tashkent and Samarkand. These initiatives simplify market access, stimulate business cooperation, and strengthen trust within the business community.

Thus, the combination of industrial, digital, and infrastructure cooperation creates a multi-level platform for accelerated bilateral development, transforming Uzbek–Pakistani cooperation into a strategically significant and mutually beneficial endeavor.

Transport infrastructure remains a priority area of dialogue. Central and South Asia have historically been interconnected through trade and cultural routes, and today targeted efforts are underway to restore this natural connectivity. Improved logistics, new transport corridors, and simplified transit procedures create real opportunities to boost trade and deepen cooperation. For landlocked Central Asian countries, reliable transport links are a key factor in sustainable growth and regional integration.

One of the flagship projects is the Trans-Afghan Railway, a strategic corridor capable of transforming regional transport networks, strengthening the countries’ positions within the Eurasian economic space, and establishing a solid foundation for trade, investment, and logistics flows between Central and South Asia. By reducing delivery times from several weeks to 3–5 days and cutting transport costs by 40% or more, the route will significantly enhance the competitiveness of regional goods on global markets and stimulate export-import activity.

In 2025, tangible progress was achieved: key components of the feasibility study were prepared, and intergovernmental consultations on the route design and financing terms continue, reinforcing the project’s practical implementation.

Energy cooperation is another vital area with significant joint potential. Projects in geological exploration, oil and gas development, and modernization of processing facilities can ensure strategic energy security, diversify energy sources, and stimulate industrial growth in both countries.

Along with economic cooperation, cultural and humanitarian interaction is actively developing, as the peoples of Uzbekistan and Pakistan share a rich historical heritage rooted in the Silk Road era. This commonality manifests in joint scientific projects, educational initiatives, and cultural exchanges that strengthen human ties and build long-term trust.

In Pakistan, special attention is given to the President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s concept of the Third Renaissance, viewed as a continuity of Uzbekistan’s rich historical and scientific legacy. The intellectual and spiritual traditions shaped by scholars such as Al-Horezmi, Mirzo Ulugbek, and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur inspire modern educational and innovation initiatives, reinforcing cultural and intellectual bonds between the two nations.

Tourism deserves special mention as an important component of bilateral cooperation. Uzbekistan, with its unique spiritual and architectural heritage, is increasingly attracting Pakistani tourists and pilgrims. Ancient cities and the mausoleums of prominent scholars – Imam Bukhari, Imam Termezi, and Bahauddin Naqshband – reveal the country’s rich cultural and scientific traditions while strengthening people-to-people ties as enduring as official interstate agreements.

Improved transport connectivity has become a key catalyst. Direct flights between Islamabad and Tashkent, as well as between Tashkent and Lahore, enabled over 10,000 Pakistani tourists to visit Uzbekistan in 2025 – nearly 2.5 times more than in 2023. This data highlights both growing demand for tourism routes and the effectiveness of integration measures in transport and logistics.

Taken together, tourism, cultural, and economic initiatives form a solid platform for deepening connectivity between Uzbekistan and Pakistan. This comprehensive cooperation model not only enhances economic potential but also strengthens long-term trust, making bilateral relations a key component of regional integration between Central and South Asia.

The upcoming visit of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to Islamabad early February 2026 will mark an important milestone in enhancing strategic partnership. It will open new opportunities for joint initiatives, activate projects in the economy, transport, energy, and digital technologies, and provide additional momentum to cooperation, enhancing its practical impact and strategic significance.

Today, it is especially important to maintain the high momentum of interaction, expand practical cooperation mechanisms, cascade dialogue to lower governance levels, and more actively engage regions, small and medium-sized enterprises, the academic community, youth, and civil society institutions. Such a comprehensive approach will not only consolidate achievements but also ensure sustainable growth of mutual cooperation, creating a platform for new joint projects and initiatives at all levels.

Thus, the “bridges of friendship” built between Uzbekistan and Pakistan – rooted in shared history, traditions, and spiritual affinity – connect the past and present while opening the way for deeper comprehensive cooperation. They transform traditional mutual trust into sustainable and long-term partnership forms that will serve as a foundation for expanding interaction at all levels, from local initiatives to strategic projects of regional significance.

Nigora Sultanova,

Chief Research Fellow at the Institute for Strategic and Regional Studies under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

On February 21, under the chairmanship of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Shavkat Mirziyoyev a meeting was held on strengthening military security and defense capacity of the state.

The meeting was attended by members of the Security Council, heads of ministries and departments within the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan, commanders of military districts, as well as the chairmen of the Jokargy Kenges and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional and Tashkent city khokims, as well as responsible persons of local authorities in the videoconference format.

At the beginning of the meeting, the adopted measures on strengthening the country's defense capacity and their results were reviewed, certain shortcomings in this work were pointed out.

It was noted that the national army is being equipped with modern weapons and equipment, the level of combat and moral-psychological training of servicemen has significantly increased. 

In view of international experience and the analyses carried out, new combat units have been formed to prevent and eliminate internal and external threats, and the organizational structure of the troops has been optimized.

It was underlined that the creation of a new system of modernization and modern equipment of the army continues - the defense industry is developing and additional enterprises have been set up. The Armed Forces of Uzbekistan have established bilateral military cooperation with more than 20 countries and successfully participated in more than 400 joint exercises.

The infrastructure of higher military schools within the Armed Forces has been completely modernized, their curricula and methodology brought in line with modern requirements. 

The social and legal protection of servicemen and their families has been strengthened. In particular, about 30,000 families have been provided with housing, and more than 2,000 children of servicemen have received benefits when enrolling in higher educational institutions. 

Military administrative sectors, government and public organizations are involved in creating favourable conditions for homeland defenders. Attention to the issues of educating young people in the spirit of patriotism and initial pre-conscription military training in schools is being intensified.

The meeting identified priority tasks for 2025 and subsequent years. 

The need to consider contemporary armed conflicts, existing threats to national security and the peculiarities of the theater of military operations when planning for the further development of the army was emphasized. 

It has been indicated that artificial intelligence, robotic systems, missiles, drones and means of countering them are widely used in today's regional conflicts. In this connection, it has been instructed to create new units in the armed forces to combat drones, use robotic equipment, air defense, and cyber structures utilizing artificial intelligence technologies.

The Supreme Commander-in-Chief emphasized the need to further improve the combat readiness of the army, raise the level of combat training, create a unified automated troop management system using artificial intelligence technologies, as well as introduce dual training in military education and training of military personnel. 

Priority tasks have been set to improve the activities of the “Corps of Master Sergeants”, which is the backbone of the army, further develop the defense industry, provide social support to servicemen and their families, educate young people in the spirit of patriotism and involve them in military sports.

Reports and proposals by the Minister of Defense, commanders of military districts and other responsible persons were heard at the meeting.

Dear participants of the conference!

Ladies and gentlemen!

First of all, from the bottom of my heart, I sincerely congratulate you, my dear ones, on the opening of today's prestigious event - the joint conference of the International Textile Federation and the International Association of Apparel Manufacturers.

I would like to express my special gratitude to the President of the International Federation of Textile Manufacturers Mr. Kei Vi Srinavasan and President of the International Association of Apparel Manufacturers Mr. Chem Altan for the fact that this joint conference is being held in Uzbekistan for the first time.

At the same time, I express my sincere gratitude to the high-ranking representatives of the industry, heads of prestigious international and regional organizations participating in this conference.

Welcome to the pearl of the ancient Great Silk Road, the land of craftsmen - the majestic city of Samarkand!

Dear participants of the conference!

In recent years we have taken decisive steps to radically improve the investment and business environment, create favorable conditions for foreign and domestic investors.

As in all spheres and sectors, we have been implementing large-scale reforms in the textile and garment industries.

First of all, the state monopoly in cotton cultivation has been abolished, and a cluster system has been created and is being consistently improved, covering the entire process from raw material procurement to the production of finished goods.

Our reforms in this area have won the recognition of prestigious international organizations, and the boycott of Uzbek cotton has been lifted. Our cooperation with the international coalition “Cotton Campaign” continues in this direction.

At the same time, as a result of creating a stable legislative framework, improving the investment environment and introducing new technologies, the volume of cotton fiber processing increased from 40 percent in 2017 to 100 percent. At the same time, the work on import of cotton raw materials and production of finished products with high added value began.

Thanks to the opportunities created in the sphere, the volume of textile production has increased 5 times, its export - 4 times.

The most important thing is that earlier a significant part, i.e. 70 percent of exports in the sector, was accounted for raw materials, while today 60 percent of exported goods are finished products.

In the first years of reforms, we identified as a priority task the development of human capital, training of the population, especially young people and women, in professions, training of qualified personnel for all sectors, and these issues will continue to be in the center of our attention.

Decent working conditions that meet international requirements are created for the employees of enterprises, and the “Better Work” and “Better Cotton” programs are systematically implemented.

Particular attention is paid to ensuring labor rights and providing full support to over 600,000 workers.

At the same time, decisive measures are taken to create national brands, attract prestigious international and foreign trademarks to our country.

Authoritative participants of the world market, such as “Teamdress” (Germany), “Cotonella” (Italy), “Indorama” (Singapore), “Posco International” and “Gwangyang” (South Korea) are effectively operating in the country.

Uzbekistan's textile industry is being actively integrated into global production processes, and the number of our reliable partners on all continents of the world is increasing.

It should be noted that long-term cooperation with foreign investors and international brands, increasing production of high value-added products, bringing national brands to the international level will remain our priorities in the textile industry in the future.

I am convinced that today's conference will serve as an effective platform for further strengthening and expanding cooperation in this area on an international scale, sharing best practices and ideas.

I hope it will contribute to further expansion of mutually beneficial cooperation between representatives of more than 500 national and international organizations, manufacturers and retailers participating in the conference, and will bring the development of the industry to a qualitatively new level.

We highly appreciate and support all mutually beneficial initiatives of our foreign partners. In particular, we are ready to provide all possible assistance in introducing the necessary standards for international brands to enter Uzbekistan.

We are ready to create all necessary conditions for prestigious international organizations to regularly hold conferences, exhibitions and fashion shows in our country, particularly in such cities as Bukhara, Khiva, Shakhrisabz, Margilan, Kokand, Namangan, Andijan, which have high tourism and industrial potential.

I am confident that the ancient history, rich cultural heritage of our country, meetings with our hard-working and generous people will make an indelible impression on you, and the huge socio-economic potential of our regions will encourage investors to implement new projects.

I congratulate you once again on the opening of the prestigious conference that is starting today and wish you all good health, happiness and prosperity, success in the fruitful work of the conference.


Shavkat Mirziyoyev,

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

In the modern world, freedom of speech and information is a key element of a democratic society.

Uzbekistan is actively moving towards strengthening the constitutional rights of citizens in this important area, striving to create favorable conditions for the free exchange of information and development of the information society.

The country remains firmly committed to further improving the system of ensuring human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. The efforts made by the country's leadership in this direction are holistic, sustainable and irreversible.

The following key aspects of state policy in areas of obtaining and disseminating information:

Firstly, creating conditions for free expression of opinions, independent and safe work of the media. Freedom of speech and press are fundamental principles of a democratic society. Uzbekistan strives to ensure pluralism of opinions and prevent any form of censorship, which contributes to the development of an open and informed society.

For this purpose, the necessary legal frameworks have been formed and are being improved in accordance with international standards and recommendations. To date, the country has adopted more than 10 relevant laws, among them - “On guarantees and freedom of access to information”, “On the openness of the activities of public authorities and management”, “On the media”, “On the principles and guarantees of freedom of information” , “On the protection of the professional activities of a journalist”, “On informatization”, etc.

Under Uzbek legislation, journalists are guaranteed personal inviolability in the performance of their professional duties and may not be prosecuted for publishing critical material.

In addition, to further liberalise media activities and ensure the rights of journalists, in 2018, the legislation clarified the legal status of journalists and guarantees of freedom of journalistic activity, as well as the procedure for accreditation of foreign media representatives in the country in accordance with modern requirements.

Mechanisms have also been established for government support of the mass media (provision of privileges on taxes, other compulsory payments and tariffs, preferences, provision of government subsidies, grants and social orders, as well as social support for editorial staff).

The consistent expansion of conditions and opportunities for media outlets is also reflected in their quantitative characteristics. From 2016 to date, their total number has increased by 49 per cent, reaching 2,200. At the same time, the total share of non-state media in the country is over 60%. Alongside traditional media, online publications are also developing rapidly, the number of which has reached 716, and their audience is steadily growing.

It is important to note that in 2023, a number of issues of ensuring freedom of information were enshrined at the level of the country’s Basic Law. Thus, the new version of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, adopted at a national referendum, outlines guarantees for the state to ensure free activity of the media, as well as responsibility for interference in the work of the media.

Another main difference of the new version of the Constitution in terms of freedom of information is the specification of the legal conditions under which restrictions on the search, receipt, use and dissemination of information can be introduced.

Similar provisions were identified in the Basic Law earlier, but were not detailed, which could lead to ambiguous interpretation and be used to unjustifiably restrict the rights of citizens.

The 2023 amendments establish that restrictions can only be imposed on certain grounds and only to the extent necessary. This represents a significant step forward in ensuring that restrictions on the right to seek, receive and disseminate information are transparent, legal and proportionate. These measures help strengthen the rule of law, protect the rights and freedoms of citizens and increase public confidence in government institutions.

A new provision has also been introduced into the country's Constitution guaranteeing free access to the Internet. Thus, the state at the constitutional level confirms its obligations to create all the necessary conditions for this, including in the context of supporting the processes of active digital transformation of the country and expanding the range of online services provided to the population.

Secondly, ensuring unhindered and equal access to information, including strengthening the accountability of government bodies to society. This includes expanding access to data on the work of government agencies and socially significant information in general. Availability of information allows citizens to be better informed, make informed decisions and actively participate in public life.

Openness and transparency in the activities of government agencies remain one of the key indicators of the effectiveness of the system of public control, ensuring continuous dialogue between the state and citizens, minimizing bureaucracy and combating corruption. It is the full implementation of this aspect that will reflect the principle laid down by the Head of State: “It is not the people who serve the state bodies, but the state bodies should serve the people”.

The work carried out by the Republic of Uzbekistan in this regard is becoming increasingly systematic. Thus, in addition to the current Law on Openness in the Activities of State Authorities and Government Bodies, a number of normative acts have been adopted since 2018 and up to the present time aimed at radically improving the work of the press services of State bodies and raising the status of press secretaries to the level of deputy head of department.

Increased requirements were set for the heads and employees of information services of state bodies, including timely and comprehensive coverage of key events and decisions within the work of their departments, as well as prompt response to requests from journalists and the public.

At present, the combined staff of the press services of ministries and departments includes 778 press secretaries and more than 500 employees.

In addition, the Agency of Information and Mass Communications, together with the press secretaries of government agencies, has created a mechanism for promptly responding to citizens' appeals, as well as critical and widely discussed news items in the media. As part of this work, more than 10,000 responses and expert opinions on the identified materials were published in the media, social networks and messengers.

The new version of the Constitution also obliges public bodies to act in a transparent and open manner. This means that all significant decisions and actions of public institutions must be publicly justified and documented. Authorities are obliged to publish regular reports on their activities and inform the public about important initiatives and programmes.

In 2021, in accordance with the Presidential decree, the possibilities of public control over the activities of government agencies were expanded. A list of socially significant information to be published as open data was approved, government bodies and organizations developing data, as well as the procedure for their publication were clearly defined.

The practice of determining indicators of openness and assessing it based on advanced international standards has been successfully introduced. The corresponding national Openness Indexes were published for 2022 and 2023.

At the same time, in 2022, liability was established for violating the legislation on the openness of the activities of public authorities and management, including for non-disclosure of socially significant information, failure to comply with the deadline and procedure for publication, or falsification of information.

Thirdly, protecting the rights of citizens to privacy and personal data. In the era of digital technology and big data, government policy is aimed at ensuring the security of citizens' personal information and preventing its misuse. This includes the development and implementation of legal regulations and technical solutions to protect personal data.

These issues are regulated by the relevant Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Personal Data” dated July 2, 2019. In particular, it regulates the need to ensure the collection, systematization and storage of personal data of citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the country in order to suppress the risks and threats of their leakage and misuse.

At the same time, it should be noted that the new version of the Constitution also enshrines the right to protection of personal data as a personal right of the individual. Consequently, their processing is allowed only with the consent of the individual. From now on, the Basic Law creates a direct possibility for citizens to demand correction of inaccurate data and destruction of data collected illegally or no longer having legal grounds, i.e. to realise the established international practice of the so-called ‘right to be forgotten’.

Such amendments are designed to promote the protection of privacy, increase trust in data processing systems, reduce risks and abuse, develop the digital economy and comply with international standards. Together, these measures create the conditions for a more transparent, secure and sustainable society in the digital age.

At the same time, the development of the population's information literacy remains an important factor in the formation of an effective and self-regulated national media environment against the background of various global challenges. The need to meet the needs of citizens for quality content and improve critical thinking skills has been repeatedly emphasised by the President of Uzbekistan.

The relevance of this task is confirmed by the fact that disinformation is recognised as one of the main short-term global threats, according to an expert report by the World Economic Forum. In addition, a long-term study of media consumption in Central Asia, conducted by the United States Agency for International Development and the non-governmental organisation Internews, shows an increase in the share of citizens in Uzbekistan who lack basic skills in working with information on the Internet (from 3% in 2021 to 25% in 2023).

Uzbekistan continue the country's course of strengthening openness and to develop fruitful and constructive international co-operation in the area of freedom of speech and the press with a view to turning the media into a real ‘fourth estate’. This will certainly create the necessary conditions for the creation of an informed, safe and progressive society ready to meet the challenges and opportunities of the digital age.

           Aziz Yengalychev,

  Chief Researcher at the Institute for Strategic and Regional studies under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The Center of Islamic Civilization in Uzbekistan has been recognized as the “Best Museum of the Turkic World” by the International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY), reports Dunyo IA correspondent.

Sultan Raev, Secretary General of the organization, announced this during an international scientific conference dedicated to the 690th anniversary of Amir Temur's birth.

Constructed in a short period at the initiative of the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the Center is highly regarded today not only as a unique architectural masterpiece but also as a symbolic bridge connecting Eastern and Western civilizations. Through its concept, content, and scientific-educational focus, it vividly demonstrates the creative and enlightening potential of Islamic civilization.

While ceremoniously presenting the “Best Museum” certificate to the leadership of the Center, Secretary General Sultan Raev specifically highlighted President Shavkat Mirziyoyev's policy aimed at the profound study and global promotion of the Islamic civilization's heritage:

-  Thanks to the special attention of Honorable President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the legacy of Amir Temur and Islamic culture are being deeply explored today. New scientific and artistic works are being created and modern scientific-educational centers are being established. I can say with confidence that there is no comparable center in the world. This is, undoubtedly, a vivid manifestation of the ideas of the Third Renaissance. At times, the world limits itself to mere statements. However, Uzbekistan is setting an example through its practical actions and tangible results.

In turn, Firdavs Abdukhalikov, Director of the Center of Islamic Civilization in Uzbekistan, shared his insights regarding this prestigious recognition:

-  Established under the direct initiative and visionary authorship of our Honorable President, the Center has emerged as one of the most significant mega-projects in the Turkic world. The Head of State personally participated in and oversaw every stage of its creation. Today, every visitor leaves the Center with a world of impressions. As is well known, TURKSOY is a prestigious international organization uniting states such as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Türkiye and is often referred to as the “UNESCO of the Turkic World”. Currently, the museum heritage of these nations encompasses nearly 1,300 museums. The Center of Islamic Civilization in Uzbekistan, with its creative vision, profound conceptual depth and innovative solutions, holds a special place among these institutions, manifesting itself as a unique cultural and scientific phenomenon.

Furthermore, F. Abdukhalikov specifically highlighted the growing international interest in the Center's activities. In particular, the Hungarian government has expressed interest in studying the Center's experience and collaborating on the implementation of a similar project. Additionally, the leadership of the German state of Bavaria has stated its readiness to support initiatives aimed at promoting Islam through enlightenment.

At the conclusion of the event, it was emphasized that this award serves as a vivid testament to the Center's high international prestige, its scientific and cultural significance, and its profound recognition across the Turkic world.

Annotation. The Ferghana Valley is the historical heart of Central Asia, where a new model of regional cooperation based on trust, good neighbourliness and sustainable development is currently taking shape. The initiative
of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev to hold the Ferghana Peace Forum reflects a common desire among the countries of the region to strengthen mutual understanding and create the area of peace, stability, and shared prosperity.

INTRODUCTION

Historically, the Fergana Valley was a shared space where countries used common resources and people kept close ties. For centuries, the valley was
at the crossroads of key trade routes connecting the West and the East.

The establishment of an atmosphere of good neighbourliness
 in the Ferghana Valley reflects positive developments throughout Central Asia. Essentially, this is the result of political will, a concentrated expression
of the joint efforts of the leaders of all five countries to maintain security
and stability in the region.

Holding the Fergana Peace Forum in Fergana on October 15–16, 2025, confirms the statement made by the President of Uzbekistan at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly about the transformation of Central Asia into
an area of peace, friendly relations and partnership.

FROM A ZONE OF TENSION TO A SPACE OF TRUST

In the early years of independence, unresolved border issues and
the existence of numerous ethno-territorial enclaves served as grounds
for viewing the region as a conflict zone.

However, today, thanks to the political will and joint efforts of the leaders
of states, the Fergana Valley, previously perceived as a “powder keg,”
“Achilles' heel,” and “hot spot,” is becoming a symbol of peace, sustainable development, and a space of opportunity.

In recent years, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have made significant progress in diplomacy and establishing stable political contacts.

The visits of the countries' leaders and their participation in regional forums and organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
and the Consultative Meeting of the Heads of Central Asian States contribute
to the deepening of political and economic ties. The development of bilateral
and multilateral relations in the political sphere has helped to create a solid foundation for regional integration and mutual support.

Moreover, all five Central Asian countries contribute to the sustainable development of the Ferghana Valley. Joint water and energy projects are being implemented. In January 2023, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed
a “”Road Map” for the implementation of the Kambarata HPS-1 construction project, and in June 2024, an interdepartmental agreement on preparations
for the implementation of the project.

A new phase of regional diplomacy began in 2017 with the election
of Shavkat Mirziyoyev as the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Relations
with neighbouring countries reached a qualitatively new level. Dialogue based on the principles of openness, respect, and equality laid the foundation
for long-term friendly coexistence.

Thanks to the political will of the leaders of the three states—Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan—historic agreements were reached in 2025
with the signing of the Treaty on the Junction Point of the State Borders
of  Three States and the Khujand Declaration on Eternal Friendship.
These documents became a symbol of a new era of trust and creative partnership. The treaty legally established the borders of the three states
at a concrete point in the Ferghana Valley.

This breakthrough did not come unexpectedly, without preparatory work. In the preceding months, on March 13, 2025, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed an important agreement on the demarcation of their common border—the final stage of their long negotiations.

Kyrgyz President Sadyr Zhaparov noted that regional integration continues to develop actively, and the strengthening of cooperation
in all spheres will be the key to sustainable development and prosperity throughout Central Asia.

In turn, Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon called the development
of relations between the three countries based on the principles of good neighborliness, equality, and mutual respect one of the priorities of Tajikistan's foreign policy.

The international community particularly highlights the indispensable role of Uzbekistan's President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, who initiated a new diplomatic line: "Borders should not divide, but unite our peoples."

This approach creates a model for peaceful transformation, where internal rather than external factors shape the architecture of trust, friendship, and good neighbourliness.

The formation of the area of stability and cooperation in Ferghana Valley was achieved without external involvement, solely through the strong political will of the leaders of the three states, combined with the desire of the peoples
of the region for peaceful coexistence, creating a solid foundation for lasting peace and prosperity.

Ferghana Valley – an “exemplary model” for building inter-state relations in other regions

The Ferghana Valley is one of Central Asia's unique oases – a place where the destinies of the peoples of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have intertwined. More than 17 million people live here, accounting for 20%
of the total population of Central Asia, which is around 83 million.

Today, the valley is gradually becoming a symbol of the new Central Asia – a region where borders are not barriers, but bridges of interaction.
The development of transport, trade, and humanitarian ties between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan paves the way for the formation of a single space
for interaction in the name of common prosperity.

Joint infrastructure and economic projects, the restoration of roads
and railways, the development of border logistics hubs, and the modernization of checkpoints are creating conditions for the free movement of people, goods, and ideas.

Communications between the Ferghana Valley and the outside world are actively developing. Today, it is being integrated into international multimodal transport corridors and is gradually regaining its status as an interregional transit hub connecting East and West.

In this regard, the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway project is of great importance. If implemented, it will have a multiplier effect on the economies
of all countries in the region.

The railway will provide access to the ports of the Persian Gulf
and the Pacific Ocean, open up new markets, thereby diversifying the economy and creating new jobs.

Visa regimes are being simplified and the throughput capacity at border crossing points is being improved, which will encourage more mutual travel
by citizens.

Uzbekistan maintains a visa-free regime with all Central Asian countries except Turkmenistan. In particular, there are currently 17 border crossing points between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and 25 between Uzbekistan
and Kyrgyzstan. In 2016, there were only 13 between Uzbekistan
and Kyrgyzstan, and all of them operated with restrictions. For example, currently, up to 20,000 people pass through the Dustlik checkpoint
on the Uzbek-Kyrgyz border every day, which is 100 times more than in 2016.
At the same time, the number of vehicles passing through has increased tenfold, reaching 700 per day.

The Mingtepa and Khanabad border checkpoints were opened in 2023, and the Uchkurgan and Karasu checkpoints in 2024. These points had been closed since 2009-2010.

Today, citizens of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan can travel to each other's countries for up to 30 days without registration. A visa-free regime
for up to 60 days has been established between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan,
and since September 1, 2023, it has been possible to use ID cards
(instead of foreign passports) for mutual travel between the two countries.

The time required for goods and people to cross the border has been reduced to an unprecedented eight minutes. In turn, citizens of Tajikistan
and Uzbekistan can stay in each other's territory for up to 30 days
without a visa. This, in turn, contributes to the intensification of cooperation
and improved mutual understanding between the peoples of the Fergana Valley.

On the whole, a common space is forming in the Ferghana Valley, as it has throughout history. The restoration of the valley's interconnectedness contributes to the stability and sustainable development of the entire region.

The international community's keen interest in these processes confirms that Central Asia is becoming an important center for the formation of a culture of peace. The initiatives put forward by Uzbekistan have received support
from the UN, OSCE, EU, and other international partners, which strengthens
the legitimacy and sustainability of regional efforts.

The Ferghana Peace Forum has a special place in this process—it's not just a diplomatic meeting, but a platform for developing a new philosophy
of regional cooperation. This forum brings together political leaders, experts, and public figures, offering an open dialogue on strengthening peace, trust,
and sustainable development in Central Asia.

 The event will enable the countries of the region to independently shape their own architecture of stability and sustainable development, based
on mutual respect and the desire for a better future for new generations.

CONCLUSION

The Ferghana Valley is gradually transforming into a space of peace
and harmony, where peoples find common ground and jointly strengthen
the region's stability.

The establishment of the atmosphere of friendship and
amicable relations in the Ferghana Valley shows that, even in today's turbulent global environment, ensuring stability in the region is an achievable goal. 

This process requires patience, wisdom, and willingness to make reasonable compromises. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have demonstrated these qualities and their ability, despite complex challenges,
to unite for common goals such as strengthening security and sustainable development.

In turn, the Fergana Peace Forum is called to become a permanent platform aimed at strengthening dialogue and trust, ensuring sustainable development of the Ferghana Valley, unlocking economic potential,
and strengthening cultural and humanitarian ties. This meeting reflects the unity of the countries in the region, which are determined to build a common future together.

Authors: Diloram Mukhsinova and Bekhzod Alimjanov,

senior researchers at the Center for Foreign Policy Studies

(Uzbekistan)

Since 2017, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s administration has pursued a sweeping reform agenda, liberalizing the economy while strengthening social welfare. These reforms are enshrined in new policies and the 2023 Constitution, which explicitly defines Uzbekistan as a “social state” responsible for ensuring employment and reducing poverty. The government’s national strategy (“Uzbekistan–2030”) even set a target of halving poverty by 2026. In short, Uzbekistan’s policy framework has shifted toward the combined goals of economic growth and inclusive social protection.

By 2023 the new National Agency for Social Protection (NASP) and community “Inson” service centres were delivering aid to roughly 2.3 million needy families – about a four-fold increase from 2017. Pensions and basic benefits were also raised: for instance, pension and disability payments in real terms are now about 1.5 times higher than before the reforms.

Community service is delivered through Inson centers, one-stop offices in each locality that help citizens apply for benefits and services. These “Inson” centres provide personal assistance with applications and information, reflecting a shift to integrated, client-oriented support. Relatedly, a new registry of persons requiring care has been established (by 2023 it contained ~17,800 profiles) to manage support for the disabled and elderly; each case is reviewed quarterly so that aid can be adjusted as needed. Together, these digital tools and organizational changes – one-stop “Inson” centers, a unified registry, targeted lists and case management – represent a modern social protection architecture far beyond Uzbekistan’s previous fragmented system.

International partners have closely supported and evaluated these reforms. The World Bank has played a leading role: it delivered roughly $2.1 billion through policy-based loans (2018–2021) to finance structural reforms in jobs, governance and social policy. In mid-2024 the Bank approved an additional $100 million “INSON” project to improve social care for vulnerable groups. This project will establish more than 50 community-based social service centres and expand services to some 50,000 people (including older persons, disabled, and children).

Within the framework of the “From Poverty to Prosperity” program, launched on 1 November 2024, families receive support across seven key dimensions:

• Ensuring stable employment and achieving higher income levels;
• Access to education and vocational training;
• Access to guaranteed state healthcare services;
• Access to social services;
• Improvement of housing conditions;
• Development of mahalla (community) infrastructure by the state;
• Direct engagement and dialogue with public sector representatives.

More than 600,000 families have gained access to 1.3 million social services aimed at employment and income growth. Members of these families have also benefited from over 2.2 million guaranteed healthcare services, directly contributing to their sustainable participation in the labor market.

Expanding Social Care Provision

For individuals requiring continuous care, a new model of service provision through private providers has been introduced. These services include household assistance, home- and field-based care, medical and social rehabilitation, and personal assistant support. Currently, 13,800 individuals — representing 76% of all those in need of care — receive such services from the private sector.

According to the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan, by 2030 the number of recipients of social services is expected to reach at least 3 million citizens annually, while the share of services provided by the non-state sector will rise to 30%. This approach fully aligns with the principles of the social and solidarity economy.

The programs implemented by the National Agency for Social Protection are characterized as accessible, effective, and oriented toward sustainable economic development.

1. Accessibility

As part of the “From Poverty to Prosperity” program, a National Registry of Poor Families has been established. The identification of households and decisions regarding their inclusion are made directly at the community (mahalla) level. As of today, 667,000 families, comprising approximately 2.8 million individuals, have been registered. This provides a comprehensive understanding of their living conditions and the opportunities for poverty reduction.

2. Effectiveness

In the first nine months of the current year, the average per capita income among registered families has nearly doubled, rising from 174,000 soums (~USD 14) to 338,000 soums (~USD 27) per month. Furthermore, 73,000 families that previously had no income now earn official wages. During the same period, 150,000 families have successfully escaped poverty, with 105,000 (70%) doing so primarily due to increased formal employment income.

3. Sustainability

To ensure targeted support, families are categorized into three groups:

• Red – households with persons with disabilities requiring care, as well as families without a breadwinner or headed by a single parent;
• Yellow – families with employable members but lacking stable income and professional skills;
• Green – families that have exited poverty but remain at risk of falling back.

This classification enables the application of differentiated measures: “red” families receive priority care and social support; “yellow” families are targeted with employment and training programs; and “green” families benefit from measures aimed at preventing a return to poverty.

Within this framework, the development of a “care economy” has emerged as a key priority. The Agency has introduced daycare services for children with disabilities and the “Step into an Active Life” program for older persons. These initiatives enable family members to participate in the labor market, thereby activating previously unpaid caregivers.

Investing in Human Capital

Particular attention is given to children from low-income families. The state subsidizes up to 90% of the costs associated with their education and development. In 2025, 125,000 children from poor households gained preferential access to preschools, demonstrating how social protection systems can make an indirect yet significant contribution to poverty reduction.

In conclusion, the programs implemented by the National Agency for Social Protection go far beyond material support. They create enabling conditions for income generation, employment, and human capital development, thereby contributing directly to the sustainable economic growth of the country.

Olima Almatova Qorabekovna, a resident of “Ezgulik” makhalla, Buka district, Tashkent region, who received support from the Agency, said:

“My spouse worked at the mining combine for forty years, but after he became ill, he could no longer continue. For his sake, I took on whatever jobs people offered me. When the doctors suggested placing stents in his heart arteries, I refused, saying: ‘Whatever help you can give, give it to my family. I’ve lived my life, I am already sixty-seven. I’ve seen so much — whatever comes, I will accept it. I don’t need stents. I only ask that you give a little help to my family.’

When support arrived under the President’s decision, I cannot express how happy I was. I said: ‘Oh God, there really is someone who came to open my door.’ They came and extended a helping hand. We planted cucumbers and tomatoes, and soon money began to come in. We have already earned income three times. So much support has reached us, and we are deeply grateful to our President. Feeding even one family is difficult, yet he is taking care of millions. For those who are struggling and in need, such help gives strength, brings joy, and inspires them to move forward. One can hardly imagine just how powerful that is.”

In conclusion, the programs implemented by the National Agency for Social Protection go far beyond material support. They create enabling conditions for income generation, employment, and human capital development, thereby contributing directly to the sustainable economic growth of the country.

The strategic convergence between Turkiye and Central Asian states –driven by shared historical and cultural heritage alongside mutually reinforcing economic interests – is cultivating a novel architectural framework for regional interconnectedness. Through multilateral formats and bilateral initiatives, these actors have been establishing a durable platform for cooperation across trade, energy, transportation, and the “green” economy, transforming geographical proximity into a long-term factor of stability and collective development.

Amidst the diversification of Central Asian countries’ foreign policy vectors and the Turkish diplomacy’s increasing emphasis on the Eurasian dimension, this partnership has been acquiring a systemic character that goes beyond specific projects, thereby shaping a sustainable architecture of regional interconnectedness.

Political Foundations of Institutionalizing the Partnership

The core instrument facilitating political engagement is the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), which has evolved from a cultural and educational association into a regional a center of attraction spanning from Central Asia to the Caucasus and Europe. Regular summit meetings of OTS leaders exemplify a transition to a pragmatic cooperation phase. Particular significance is attributed to Uzbekistan and its President, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, who has initiated to deepen collaboration within the organization.

At the October 2025 OTS summit in Gabala, Azerbaijan, the Uzbek leader proposed to craft OTS’s Strategy of Development 2030, including the establishment of a Permanent Council for economic partnership headquartered in Tashkent. These initiatives aim to coordinate economic projects, support business initiatives, and enhance the efficiency of interaction – underscoring Uzbekistan’s aspiration to become a regional hub of integration and a platform for sustainable development.

Simultaneously, Turkiye is intensifying its engagement within other multilateral structures relevant to Central Asia, such as Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), where Ankara, holding the status of a partner and strives for full membership. This multi-format engagement allows for flexible adaptation of the agenda to specific priorities – from confidence-building measures in security to the coordination of transport corridors.

On January 20 2026, a meeting of the Joint Strategic Planning Group took place, co-chaired by the foreign ministers of Uzbekistan and Turkiye, confirming mutual readiness to deepen coordination within the UN, OSCE, OIC, and ECO, and to support each other’s candidacies in international organizations. This approach transforms bilateral relations into a component of a broader global diplomatic strategy, where support on the international stage becomes a shared interest.

Economic Dimension: From Trade to Strategic Investments

Since 2018, the bilateral trade volume between Central Asia and Ankara has more than doubled – from 6 billion to14.5 billion in 2025. In the long-term Turkiye has set an ambitious target of reaching $30 billion in bilateral trade with Central Asian region.

The volume of Turkish investments exhibits an even more remarkable trend. From 2016 to 2024, Turkish investments in the region increased 2.5 times – from 1.1 billion to3 billion – significantly surpassing the overall growth of Turkish investments in Eurasia (34%) during the same period. Central Asia accounts for 24% of Turkiye’s total accumulated investments in Eurasia. The number of Turkish companies operating in the region increased from 4,000 in 2016 to over 7,000 in 2025. Turkiye has become  Uzbekistan’s third-largest investor (after China and Russia), with more than 2,000 enterprises, including 438 joint ventures.

Turkish business is gradually shifting from small-scale operations to implementing large-scale infrastructure projects across construction, telecommunications, textiles, and agribusiness sectors. Framework documents such as the “OTS Strategy-2026” and the “OTS Strategy-2040,” approved within the OTS, envisage creating a unified economic space –including a common energy grid and a regional development bank. Uzbekistan’s initiatives to expand the activities of the Turkic Investment Fund and the adoption of the “OTS’s Roadmap on Artificial Intelligence and the Creative Economy” indicate a transition towards a high-tech collaboration agenda.

Energy Interdependence: From Hydrocarbons to “Green” Transformation

Central Asia possesses significant hydrocarbon reserves: Kazakhstan holds approximately 30 billion barrels of oil; Turkmenistan ranks fifth globally in natural gas reserves; Uzbekistan has sizable, largely undeveloped deposits. Correspondingly, Turkiye aims to become an energy hub, providing Central Asia with direct access to the European market amid EU’s decarbonization efforts and reduced reliance on Russian supplies.

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, initially intended for Azerbaijani oil, has evolved into the Trans-Caspian export route. Kazakhstan has been exporting oil through this corridor since 2008, and Turkmenistan since 2010.

In addition, negotiations are underway concerning the export of Turkmen gas via the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP), with plans to double its capacity from 16 to 32 billion cubic meters.

Simultaneously, the countries are actively transitioning to renewable energy sources. In Uzbekistan, the Turkish conglomerate “Cengiz” has completed construction of two power plants totaling 460 MW, with additional facilities exceeding 500 MW under construction in Jizzakh. According to estimates from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan possess immense potential not only for domestic green energy production but also for export.

The culmination of these efforts is exemplified by the Trans-Caspian Green Energy Corridor project – an initiative under the Green Corridor Alliance, a joint Kazakh-Uzbek-Azerbaijani enterprise, with funding from the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. It aims to connect the electricity grids of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan with Azerbaijan across the Caspian Sea for subsequent export to Turkiye and Europe. An agreement on strategic partnership for this project was signed at COP29 in Baku in 2024.

The Central Corridor: An Artery of Development

The Trans-Caspian route (the Middle Corridor) has gained strategic importance as an alternative land corridor connecting China with Europe via Central Asia, the Caspian Sea, the South Caucasus, and Turkiye. Forecasts suggest that freight volumes along this route could double by 2030, heightening economic interdependence and boosting its geopolitical relevance.

Uzbekistan actively supports the reinforcement of the Central Corridor, viewing it as a core factor for sustainable regional economic development. The infrastructural interdependence created by this project fosters long-term stability among the countries of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and Turkiye, transforming transport cooperation into a tool for regional security enhancement.

Cultural and Humanitarian Dimension: The Foundation of Sustainable Partnership

Historical and cultural links rooted in a common Turkic heritage continue to underpin modern cooperation. The parties are steadily expanding educational programs within the “Turkic World” concept. Several universities operate across Central Asia, including the International University of Turkic States and the Turkish University of Economics and Technology in Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to increasing scholarships for Uzbek students within the “Türkiye Bursları” program and developing joint scholarship initiatives.

Such exchanges in science and culture foster durable horizontal ties among the citizens of Turkiye and Central Asian countries. An increasingly important element is digital cooperation: joint projects in artificial intelligence, digital governance, and creative industries open new avenues for engagement. The expansion of tourism flows and media exchanges also contribute to forming a unified informational and communicational space which is particularly relevant amid the global competition in the modern media environment of information manipulation.

Conclusion

Overall, the partnership between Central Asia and Turkiye reflects a transition from ad hoc interactions to a systematic model of cooperation based on resource, infrastructural, and strategic complementarity. Turkiye gains access to energy resources and transit routes, strengthening its status as an Eurasian hub. In turn, Central Asian states diversify their foreign policy and economic ties, increasing their autonomy and competitiveness.

The future prospects of this partnership hinge on three core vectors: first, deepening economic integration through the OTS and bilateral agreements; second, jointly implementing cross-border infrastructure projects in energy and transportation; third, advancing the “green” and digital agendas as foundations for sustainable development. Achieving these objectives requires ongoing dialogue, regulatory harmonization, and trust-building measures, but it already clear that the Central Asia–Turkiye partnership forms a robust platform for regional stability and collective prosperity in a multipolar world.

Dilorom MAMATKULOVA,

Leading research fellow of the Institute for Strategic and Regional Studies under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Amir Temur occupies a place in world history not only as a great commander and statesman who built a powerful and prosperous state. The great ruler turned his capital, Samarkand, into one of the cultural, architectural, scientific and spiritual centers of the world.

Therefore, the study of Amir Temur's exemplary life and statecraft, the history of his reign, the study of science and culture in it, as one of the major scientific directions of historiography, has always been and remains the focus of attention of world scientists, heads of state, and politicians. Also, sources on the history of the Timurids have been translated into various languages and scientific research has been carried out worldwide.

The number of publications on the study of the era of Amir Temur is increasing day by day in world historiography. Ultimately, an independent scientific direction of "Temur studies" has been formed in world social science.

Today, no one doubts the immeasurable contribution of Amir Temur and the Temurid dynasty to the development of world civilization, to the sharp rise in the scientific, political-legal, spiritual-ideal, cultural and intellectual level of humanity. It should be noted that the Timurid Renaissance was recognized by the whole world. The fact that the French scientist Vincent Fournier was the first to use the phrase "Temurid Renaissance" is evidence of this.

The world community recognizes the Timurid era as an era that was reflected in the development of science, culture, art and literature, as well as great discoveries and inventions, and our people as a people who have founded the Renaissance twice so far. That is, it is commendable that our people rightfully belong to the small number of "peoples who were able to create a Renaissance" in the full sense of the word.

In this sense, it is considered that there is every reason to believe that the efforts of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to create a new Renaissance in New Uzbekistan, that is, the foundation of the Third Renaissance, through large-scale democratic changes in our country, including reforms in the fields of science and education, will yield the expected results.

One of the greatest services of the Leader of the Nation to our people is the restoration of the dignity and broken national pride of our people, who have lost hope in their own country, who have lost hope in a prosperous and good life, and who have lost faith in the future, the formation of a consciousness specific to New Uzbekistan, the subsequent elevation of their spirits, and the return of respect for spiritual and educational values ​​and historical figures.

At a new stage of the development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with radical renewal and improvement in every sphere of the state and society, comprehensive measures are being implemented to strengthen national statehood, establish a stable track and develop the political, legal, economic and social life of our country.

In particular, in historiography, a wide path has been opened for studying the history of our ancestors, giving them a correct and objective scientific assessment, and on this basis restoring our national values. Because, as the President of Uzbekistan emphasized: “We have a great history that is worth admiring. We have great ancestors that are worth admiring.”

Amir Temur: "I declare peace and tranquility!"

At the current stage of the development of new Uzbekistan, it is very important that the period of Uzbek diplomacy from ancient times to the present day - the formation and development of independent Uzbek diplomacy - is comprehensively and systematically studied. In particular, the book "History of Uzbek diplomacy", published in 2022, is the VII volume of the "History of Uzbekistan" multi-volume work. The book is a practical response to the proposals made by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev at a meeting with Uzbek diplomats in January 2018.

The publication of a book on the history of Uzbek diplomacy is a major political event. As the head of our state noted, "our national statehood has a history of several thousand years and a rich culture. Therefore, diplomatic relations also go back to the deepest layers of our history. This fact is widely recognized not only by our country, but also by scientists from around the world."

One of the most striking qualities of our great ancestor, Sahibkiran Amir Temur, is that six centuries ago he deeply understood that the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between states, the strengthening of friendship and solidarity between distant and close peoples was an important factor in ensuring the prospects of his empire. Therefore, he carried out great works that served to connect Europe and Asia. On the one hand, he established contacts with China, India, on the other hand, France, Spain, England and other countries and sought to strengthen these relations.

As recognized on a scientific basis by our country's scientists and foreign experts, Amir Temur also left a deep mark in history as the most skillful diplomat of his time. As a great statesman, Sahibkiran skillfully combined the peaceful path of diplomacy and military measures in achieving his goals.

The great empire built by Amir Temur since that time has attracted not only neighboring countries and their kings, but also rulers of distant lands. Historical documents indicate that from the 70s of the 14th century, representatives of European countries came to Transoxiana and were seriously interested in the power and potential of the new, independent state here.

Sahibkiran, in turn, especially after the formation of a powerful empire, established active diplomatic relations with almost all major states of that time and their rulers. He sent his ambassadors to various countries, as well as received foreign ambassadors sent to him.

Amir Temur sent ambassadors to the court of Don Enrique III of Castile and Leon (in some sources - King Henry III of Spain), the ruler of France Charles VI (in some sources - Charles VI), and the king of England Henry IV, who, in turn, received ambassadors from Spain, France, England, China and a number of others - a total of more than 20 foreign states - in his capital Samarkand, which clearly confirms this idea.

According to historical sources, on July 28, 1402, the Ambassadors of King Don Enrique III of Castile and Leon, who were present at the presence of Amir Temur, included Payo de Soto Mayor and Hernan Sanchez de Palazuelos. When the time came for the ambassadors to return, Sahibkiran sent one of the capable beys, Muhammad Keshi, with letters and gifts to Castile as an Ambassador with them, in order to further strengthen relations between the two states. Muhammad Keshi arrived there safely and handed over the letters and gifts to Don Enrique III.

It is known that Amir Temur recruited Nasaf and Kesh scholars, capable individuals knowledgeable in religious and secular sciences, and proficient in foreign languages ​​to his palace. They performed various duties, including the duties of Ambassador. For example, Muhammad Keshi lived in Spain for some time as Sahibqiran's ambassador, while Maulana Abdullah Keshi was sent by Amir Temur as an ambassador to Faraj, the Sultan of Egypt.

Amir Temur usually sent Christian leaders to European countries as ambassadors. Of the Muslim diplomats, only Muhammad Keshi managed to go to Europe. This also indicates his ability, knowledge of several languages, probably one of the European languages.

At that time, the fame of Amir Temur had spread throughout Europe. Therefore, Muhammad Keshi was received with great respect by the King of Castile, Don Enrique III. He attended receptions at the Royal Palace and in the palaces of the great nobles. The King accompanied him to Samarkand with his ambassadors, led by Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo, and respectfully escorted him.

One of the distinctive features of Amir Temur's diplomacy was that in all his addresses, even in letters written in the form of strict demands, he adhered to the etiquette of Eastern diplomacy. It is not difficult to learn from historical letters that have survived from those times that Sahibkiran always responded to the letters of the rulers of some countries, written in a rude manner, sometimes with anger and ignorance, expressing his opinion clearly, with culture and decency. The fact that Amir Temur's letter to the French King Charles VI contains the words "I declare peace and tranquility!" clearly confirms this.

Diplomatic correspondence of Amir Temur

The correspondence that has survived from that time to the present clearly testifies to the skillful diplomatic activity of Amir Temur and the Temurids. Currently, 4 letters are kept in the National Archives of France:

the first is the original copy of Amir Temur's letter to the French King Charles IV in Persian;

the second is a copy of this letter translated into Latin by Archbishop John himself or one of his contemporaries;

the third, a copy of a letter written in Latin by the French King Charles IV to Amir Temur;

the fourth, a Latin translation of a letter sent by Mironshah Mirzo to three European kings. The original copy was kept by John and later shown to the King of England.

When it comes to the study of relations between Amir Temur and Europe during the former Soviet era, it is worth noting that I. Umnyakov's article "International relations of Central Asia at the beginning of the 15th century. Amir Temur's relations with Byzantium and France" and other works are quite informative.

Amir Temur also conducted diplomatic correspondence with distant states of Western Europe, in particular, with the representative of the Valois dynasty - King Charles VI of France (1380-1422) and King Henry IV of England (1399-1413). The first brief information about the correspondence between Amir Temur and Charles VI in 1402-1403 was provided by the French historian Flossant, who lived at the beginning of the 19th century, in his research published in 1811.

Amir Temur's letter to Charles VI was written in Persian, in an unusual style, not similar to the style of the rulers of the East. The letter mentions that "the preacher Francis" brought letters to Amir Temur from the French king.

As far as we know, there was no official exchange of ambassadors between Amir Temur and Charles VI, as there was between King Henry III of Castile. At the same time, the text of the letter suggests that Amir Temur had previously received letters from France. However, these letters have not reached us.

There is no doubt that this letter is an original. This is clearly confirmed by the fact that Amir Temur's miraculous seal is stamped on two places on the letter. The fact that the seal on the letter actually belongs to Sahibkiran has been proven by most historians, including Ambassador Clavijo and historian Ibn Arabshah.

An important point is that Clavijo is one of the few, that is, one of four people who saw Amir Temur and wrote memoirs based on direct conversations with him. This fact further increases the authenticity of the diaries of the Spanish Ambassador, as well as the memoirs created by Ibn Arabshah, Ibn Khaldun, and Archbishop John. Therefore, honesty is the path to truth and justice.

The National Library in Paris preserves the second letter of Amir Temur to Charles VI. The Latin translation of this letter has come down to us, first published by Sylvester de Sacy.

At the same time, there is also a Latin translation of the letter sent by Charles VI to Amir Temur. This is a unique document of particular value as the only letter from the French king to Sahibkiran that has survived to this day. While both letters of Amir Temur are dated August 1, 1402, the letter of Charles VI is dated June 15, 1403.

The foreign policy and diplomatic correspondence of His Majesty Amir Temur have been and are being studied in detail by scholars around the world, including specialists from our country. Some time ago, when I met with Jean-Louis Bacquet-Grammon, a well-known French orientalist and orientalist, in Paris, he presented me with a rare copy of the book "Amir Temur's Campaign in Anatolia (1402)" written by the Romanian historian and Turkologist Maria-Matilda Alexandrescu-Dersca, published in 1942.

Despite the fact that Amir Temur's letters were written almost seven centuries ago, some of their aspects resonate as an extremely important call for our day: it is understood that the prosperity of the world with merchants, the glory of the empire is determined primarily by recognizing the glory of other empires, respecting the dignity of citizens, regardless of official and unofficial differences, and firmly adhering to human rights and freedoms.

In addition, as material evidence of the diplomatic correspondence of the Timurids, one can cite the letters between Amir Timur and his third son, the ruler of Western Iran, Iraq and Azerbaijan, Miranshah Mirza, and the kings of France, England, Castile and other countries. Some of these letters are kept in the French National Archives, the British Museum and the Spanish archives.

The diplomatic correspondence of Amir Timur and the Timurids clearly shows, firstly, that Europe has always reached out to the East, which awakened long before it, and secondly, that the East also sought to establish contacts with these countries, cooperate, establish trade and commerce, and, despite religious differences, honor merchants and protect their rights.

Akmal SAIDOV,

academician

On June 20, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev chaired a video conference call on training engineering personnel and improving the performance of higher educational institutions.

In today's competitive world, our country, relying on domestic resources, is moving towards industrial development. Every year 3 thousand industrial enterprises are put into operation, about 150 thousand jobs are created.

This year, projects worth 21 trillion soums will be implemented within the framework of state investment programs. Also, projects with foreign and regional investments worth 37.5 billion dollars are planned for this year.

Accordingly, the state pays great attention to science, education and innovation. For example, over the past four years, 2.2 trillion soums have been allocated to 1,727 practical, innovative, fundamental and startup projects. Spending on research and development has doubled.

However, the results in this area and the number of highly qualified engineers are still insufficient. There is a gap between higher education institutions and industry.

That is why rectors of technical universities were also invited to the meeting.

The head of state first of all dwelt on the problems in this sphere.

The 36 state technical higher educational institutions annually graduate 67 thousand specialists. However, the programs and specialties in these universities do not meet the requirements of manufacturers. As a result, 60 percent of engineers do not work in their specialty.

Higher educational institutions are limited to fundamental research, and practical developments for the economy are very rare. Hundreds of startups and innovative projects in engineering fields remain on paper.

In foreign universities there are such specialties as "value engineering", "comparative engineering", "reverse engineering". In our technical universities, these areas are not developed. As a result, industries have to spend a lot of money on training their employees abroad or attract specialists from abroad.

Although the coverage of higher education has increased 5 times in the last seven years, the interest of young people in engineering and technical specialties is very low. Some equipment of universities and scientific laboratories is outdated. Many professors and teachers are disconnected from practice. Rectors do not visit enterprises, do not familiarize themselves with new technologies, do not study equipment and machines.

Over the last four years, the number of research contracts of universities has tripled. Revenues from them have increased 6 times. However, the implementation of the results of scientific developments into production is slow. Not everyone is equally successful in patenting their inventions.

The President presented new initiatives to develop this area.

Now training and research processes in technical areas will be completely changed based on the best practices. 36 universities and their branches will be gradually consolidated, leaving a total of 20 technical universities. They will completely switch to the dual system of education.

Specialties that are not in demand in the labor market will be reduced. Some departments will be merged. The functions of dean offices to serve students will be digitalized. Based on foreign experience, a "Registrar's Office" will be created.

Each university will establish cooperation with prestigious technical universities of developed partner countries such as Germany, Japan, China, Russia, Italy, Turkey, South Korea, Singapore.

Based on the chain "industry-enterprise-university", each university will be assigned an industrial partner.

All engineering universities will open departments at their partner enterprises and introduce dual education. At the same time, the enterprises will allocate funds to equip the departments, stimulate teachers and students. Student internships and graduate training will be fully organized at partner enterprises.

Thirty-two sectoral councils will be established in the system of ministries and enterprises. They will determine priority directions of scientific research in technical fields together with institutes and will be customers of these researches.

Also at the first stage, higher engineering schools will be opened in 10 universities. Two-year applied master's degree programs will be implemented in them, and candidates will be selected by order of manufacturers. Enterprises will financially support the establishment and equipping of laboratories in higher engineering schools. The state will also provide highly qualified engineers-technologists. If every minister, industry leader, rector, professor and teacher feels deep sense of responsibility and works hard, we will definitely achieve this," Shavkat Mirziyoyev said.

The status of pilot production enterprises of universities will be legislated. They will be granted privileges applicable to IT park residents. At least 60 percent of the employees of the subsidiaries will be doctoral candidates and students.

From next year, state grants for projects in technical areas will be increased fourfold. Partner organizations of universities will also be allowed to act as founders of enterprises.

Hokims of regions and heads of industries will be able to directly provide universities with orders for scientific and production projects up to 10 billion soums.

A system of allocating at least half a percent of the cost of investment projects for scientific activities will be introduced.

It has been determined to organize national contests "Best Idea", "Best Project" and "Best Invention" in engineering fields. Teachers, students and practicing engineers will be able to participate in them. The prize for the first place is an electric car.

Also 10 best participants, authors of ideas, projects and inventions will be sent for internship to such countries as Germany, Japan, China, Russia, Italy, Turkey, South Korea, Singapore.

The meeting continued in the format of an open dialog. Industry leaders, scientists, rectors and engineers expressed their opinions on the development of science and education in engineering.

It was assigned to draft a relevant decree based on the proposals.

- We need highly qualified engineers-technologists like air for the accelerated development of the economy. If every minister, industry leader, rector, professor and teacher feels deep sense of responsibility and works hard, we will definitely achieve this," Shavkat Mirziyoyev said.

In recent years, the Republic of Uzbekistan has embarked on a structured and institutionally grounded transition toward a green economy, positioning sustainability as a core driver of long-term economic resilience, competitiveness, and global integration.

This transformation reflects a comprehensive approach that combines policy reform, market-based instruments, and active international cooperation, enabling the country to move from strategic commitments to measurable outcomes.

The foundation of Uzbekistan’s green transition was laid through the adoption of a comprehensive policy framework in 2022, which established strategic priorities for green growth through 2030. This framework includes sectoral energy efficiency concepts, a national green growth program, and a detailed action plan.

Importantly, the government has set clear quantitative targets, including reducing the energy intensity of GDP by 20 percent by 2026 compared to 2022 levels. Institutional capacity has also been strengthened through the establishment of interagency coordination mechanisms and donor engagement platforms, ensuring coherent implementation across sectors. 

A major milestone in the reform process has been the introduction of a green energy certificate system, which enables verification that electricity is generated from renewable sources. This system has facilitated the development of a transparent renewable energy market and strengthened the ability of domestic producers to access environmentally regulated export markets.

To date, more than 446,000 green energy certificates have been issued and traded, reflecting growing demand for clean energy solutions and increasing private sector engagement.

Uzbekistan has taken a pioneering role in Central Asia in developing carbon market mechanisms. In cooperation with the World Bank, the country is implementing innovative approaches to carbon trading in line with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

Through initiatives such as the iCRAFT project, supported by the Transformative Carbon Asset Facility (TCAF), Uzbekistan is mobilizing up to $46.2 million in climate finance between 2024 and 2028. Initial results include the reduction of approximately 10 million tons of CO₂-equivalent emissions and the attraction of around $15 million in funding.

At the same time, regulatory frameworks for international carbon trading and emissions accounting are being developed, positioning Uzbekistan for full participation in global carbon markets. 

A key achievement has been the adoption of the Law on Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2025, which establishes the legal foundation for emissions regulation, national registries, and climate policy instruments.

Complementing this, Uzbekistan has introduced a national transparency system to monitor progress toward its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). This system enhances data reliability, strengthens accountability, and builds trust among international investors and development partners. 

Uzbekistan is actively developing a national green finance ecosystem aimed at mobilizing public, private, and international capital. Policy efforts include the development of green financing frameworks, institutional mechanisms, and project pipelines.

International partners play a critical role in this process. Cooperation with institutions such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development has enabled the implementation of green financing programs, including the Green Economy Financing Facility (GEFF), channeling substantial resources into energy efficiency and sustainable technologies.

Furthermore, Uzbekistan’s participation in the Climate Investment Funds Industrial Decarbonization Program provides access to up to $250 million in concessional financing, significantly expanding the scale of green investments. 

The transition to a green economy is closely linked to industrial modernization.

Uzbekistan is implementing targeted programs to support enterprises in adopting low-carbon technologies, improving resource efficiency, and enhancing competitiveness.

Partnerships with international organizations, including German development institutions, are facilitating policy development, capacity building, and practical support for small and medium-sized enterprises in reducing emissions and transitioning to sustainable production models.

Uzbekistan continues to strengthen its role in global climate governance through active international engagement. The country has joined the Global Methane Pledge, committing to reduce methane emissions by at least 30 percent by 2030.

Bilateral cooperation is expanding through mechanisms such as the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) with Japan, as well as climate partnerships with the Republic of Korea, Germany, and Hungary under the Paris Agreement framework.

In addition, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has joined the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action, reflecting the integration of climate considerations into macroeconomic and fiscal policy. 

Digital transformation plays an increasingly important role in supporting green reforms. Uzbekistan has launched a national online platform that consolidates data on green projects, regulatory frameworks, and international practices.

This digital infrastructure enhances transparency, supports evidence-based policymaking, and improves coordination across institutions.

Uzbekistan’s transition to a green economy represents a comprehensive and forward-looking reform agenda that integrates institutional development, market mechanisms, and international cooperation.

The progress achieved to date demonstrates a clear shift from policy design to effective implementation. By strengthening governance frameworks, mobilizing green finance, and fostering global partnerships, Uzbekistan is building a resilient and sustainable economic model.

In the long term, the green transition is expected to serve not only as an environmental imperative but also as a key driver of economic growth, investment attractiveness, and deeper integration into the global economy.

Ministry of Economy and Finance

of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Amid growing water scarcity and climate instability in Central Asia, Uzbekistan and Finland are implementing a unique form of scientific cooperation that combines digital innovation with sustainable water resource management.

In 2021, the Ministry of Mining Industry and Geology of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) signed a Memorandum of Understanding aimed at the rational development of natural resources through advanced technologies. Today, this project stands as an example of scientific diplomacy that unites European expertise with Uzbekistan’s potential.

From Paper Maps to Digital Models.

For many years, hydrogeological maps of Uzbekistan existed only in paper form. Within the framework of the joint project, they were digitized using the ArcGIS platform, creating a unified national groundwater database. This digital transformation enables specialists to monitor aquifer conditions, analyze water balances, and forecast the impacts of climate change.

Finnish experts conducted a series of training programs for Uzbek specialists, introducing modern methods of digital mapping and data processing. This strengthened the professional capacity of the sector and laid the foundation for scientifically grounded and transparent water resource management.

Scientific Practice: Experimental Site in Akhangaran.

An experimental site was established in the Akhangaran district of the Tashkent region, where joint research teams conducted geophysical studies and developed digital models of groundwater flow. The obtained data help predict groundwater levels, plan water supply systems, and identify areas vulnerable to drought.

The use of the MODFLOW software package made it possible to create models that provide scientifically based solutions for water resource allocation — particularly important for regions with limited water reserves.

European Partnership for Climate Resilience.

Cooperation with Finland is part of a broader European agenda aimed at supporting climate adaptation and sustainable development in Central Asia. By combining European technologies with Uzbekistan’s scientific resources, the project demonstrates how international partnerships can strengthen ecological security and water stability.

The results of the joint work were published in the journal Water (Scopus) under the title “Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater Recharge and Storage Using MODFLOW in the Akhangaran River Alluvial Aquifer, Eastern Uzbekistan.”

Furthermore, new areas of cooperation have opened — with the University of Padua (Italy) in geological risk monitoring, and with the Belarusian Scientific and Production Center for Geology in groundwater observation.

Looking Ahead.

The joint project between Uzbekistan and Finland is more than a transfer of technology — it represents a step toward creating a new culture of rational water use and responsible climate action. The establishment of a national digital hydrogeological database will become a key element in the country’s environmentally sustainable development.

As Europe and Central Asia continue to strengthen cooperation in water, energy, and climate, the Uzbek-Finnish project serves as a model of how scientific initiatives can deliver tangible environmental and social benefits.