Experts often use the Latin phrase “si vis pacem, para bellum”, which translates as “if you want peace, prepare for war”. They emphasis that only force can guarantee peace.

The processes observed in Central Asia in recent years suggest the opposite. Against the backdrop of geopolitical turbulence, countries in the region regularly pursue policies based primarily on the principles of dialogue and good neighborliness.

In a short period of time, the face of the region has changed dramatically, common points of growth are forming, and mutual trust is becoming an important condition for stability. Common triggers for development are being identified: the formation of a common economic space, active attraction of investment, and the strengthening of cultural and humanitarian ties. A spirit of unity and solidarity has formed in the region.

As Uzbekistan's leader Shavkat Mirziyoyev noted at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly, “Today, Central Asia is different - it is united and strong, open to dialogue and full-scale partnership”.

The political transformation of the region is underpinned by steady economic growth, demonstrating the region's growing power. In particular, over the last 10  years, Central Asia's GDP has grown by more than 6% annually — twice as fast as the global average.

Due to political will and joint efforts of the leaders of the states, significant results have been achieved in resolving border issues. An important milestone on this path was the trilateral meeting of the presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, held on 31 March 2025 in Khujand.

As a result, an agreement was signed on the junction point of the state borders of the three countries, which is clear evidence that the governments of our states place peace and harmony above all else.

All this confirms the idea that peace can only be achieved through mutual understanding, support and cooperation, which are the basis of friendly relations. We are guided by the principle: “If you want peace, be friends with your neighbors” This approach reflects the essence of the integration processes taking place in the region and certainly deserves the attention of the international community as a “exemplary model” for resolving even the most complex conflicts of our time.

How has humanity understood the world over the centuries?

Throughout human history, peace has been regarded as one of the highest spiritual and social values. Even in ancient times, thinkers in Ancient Greece sought to understand the phenomenon of Eirene – a state of harmony, the cessation of hostility and stable order in society.

In Eastern philosophical thought, the concept of peace also occupied a special place. It was understood, first and foremost, as the inner harmony of a person with themselves and the surrounding world, as a path to spiritual balance and moral perfection.

The great thinkers of Central Asia continued to develop the idea of peace, giving it philosophical and humanistic content. Thus, Abu Nasr Farabi regarded peace and harmony as an indispensable condition for the existence of a “Virtuous City”, where justice, reason, and mutual understanding between people become the basis of social well-being. Alisher Navoi, in his poetic works, presented peace as the highest form of spiritual and moral perfection of man, the basis of creation and mutual respect between peoples.

Thus, over the centuries, the idea of peace has evolved from an understanding of it as the absence of war to an awareness of spiritual and moral harmony between people and nations.

Why was Fergana chosen as the venue for the Forum?

The choice of Fergana as the venue for the forum is no coincidence.

The Fergana Valley is a unique geographical area where peoples speaking different languages and practicing different religions have coexisted peacefully for centuries. The Great Silk Road passed through the valley, and its inhabitants were engaged in crafts, trade and science, always striving for mutual understanding and dialogue. Conflict is a foreign concept to the region.

Today, the Fergana Valley unites the territories of three independent states, whose relations are based on the principles of good neighborliness, mutual respect, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The Fergana Valley is the most populous region in Central Asia. According to data, the Andijan, Namangan and Fergana regions of Uzbekistan alone are home to about 11 million people, which is almost a third of the country's population. If we take into account the population of the territories of neighboring states that are geographically part of the region, the total figure is about 17 million.

With this in mind, the countries of Central Asia are striving to deepen regional integration, viewing it as an important condition for sustainable development. Strengthening mutual trust and partnership is becoming one of the key areas of their foreign policy. To discuss specific steps and exchange experiences, platforms are needed that promote open dialogue and coordination of positions.

One such platform will be the Fergana Peace Forum, which will be held on 15–16 October at Fergana State University. It will be attended by representatives of government agencies and business circles of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, experts from scientific, analytical and research centers, as well as delegates from the CIS, SCO, OSCE, UNDP, EU and other international organizations.

In addition, the Fergana Valley is a multinational region where representatives of all peoples and ethnic groups live in peace and harmony.

In this regard, the attention that the government pays to strengthening interethnic friendship and creating conditions for all citizens to receive education in their native language and study their national culture is of great importance.

Today, there are more than 250 schools in the Fergana, Namangan and Andijan regions where instruction is conducted in Kyrgyz, Russian and Tajik.

It is important to emphasize the important role of regional branches of national cultural centers, which are involved in ensuring inter-ethnic harmony, developing intercultural dialogue and tolerance, and strengthening good-neighborly relations with neighboring states.

Various activities are carried out in this area by 17 national cultural centers (8 in Fergana, 5 in Andijan and 4 in Namangan regions), including Russian, Slavic, Korean, Jewish, German, Tatar, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Tajik and Turkish.

Special mention should be made of the activities of public associations, foundations and NGOs implementing socially significant projects, both with funding from domestic donors and with the support of international organizations and foreign partners such as the World Bank, UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund, the UN Women, the European Union, the International Organization for Migration, Saferworld, DVV International, Fair and Sustainable Development Solutions, DIA International and others.

The implementation of such projects contributes to ensuring access to social protection, developing entrepreneurial skills, increasing the participation of women and young people in public affairs, and strengthening mutual understanding and friendship between residents of border areas.

Overall, the first Fergana Peace Forum opens a new page in the development of good neighborly relations and partnership between the countries of the region.

In this case, the choice of the Fergana Valley as the venue reflects its historical role as a space for mutual understanding and harmony. Undoubtedly, this forum will provide an additional stimulus for further strengthening stability and expanding cooperation in Central Asia.

Abror Yusupov,

PhD in Political Science,

Associate Professor,

Deputy Director of the

Center for Analysis of Democratic Processes

The text of the article is in Russian!

At the invitation of the President of the United States, Donald Trump, the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, will pay a working visit to Washington, D.C. on February 17–19 of this year to participate in the inaugural meeting of the Peace Council. The Center for Economic Research and Reforms (CERR) has prepared an infographic presenting key indicators of trade, economic and investment cooperation between Uzbekistan and the United States over the past 9 years.

History of visits

The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan has visited the United States several times on working visits aimed at expanding bilateral Uzbek-American cooperation, as well as participating in events organized by the United Nations. The first official visit of the Head of our State to the United States took place on May 15–17, 2018 at the invitation of the U.S. President. During the visit, negotiations were held at the White House, the U.S. Congress and the Pentagon, and agreements were signed that marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of Uzbek-American relations.

In subsequent years, dialogue between the two countries developed through bilateral meetings and regional initiatives, including the C5+1 platform.

On September 20–24, 2025, a historic visit of the President of our country to New York took place to participate in events of the юбилейной 80th session of the UN General Assembly. The central event of the visit was the meeting between the Head of our State and U.S. President Donald Trump. The leaders of the two countries agreed to further strengthen Uzbek-American strategic partnership relations and expand practical cooperation.

During his stay in the US, the President of Uzbekistan also held a roundtable with representatives of the U.S. business community, as well as negotiations with executives of a number of leading multinational companies, corporations, investment funds and financial institutions, and took part in a ceremony for the exchange of signed bilateral trade contracts and investment agreements, including in the fields of critical minerals, civil aviation, chemical industry, energy and other priority sectors.

In order to create favorable conditions for the further development of bilateral interstate relations in trade, economic and tourism spheres, by Presidential Decree dated November 3, 2025, a visa-free regime for U.S. citizens entering Uzbekistan was introduced effective January 1, 2026.

Mutual trade indicators

The two countries operate under a Most Favored Nation trade regime.

Over the period 2017–2025, trade turnover between Uzbekistan and the United States increased 4.7-fold, from $215 mln to $1 bn. Exports grew 9.1-fold, from $32.1 mln to $291.7 mln, while imports increased 3.9-fold, from $182.9 mln to $712.3 mln.

The share of the United States in Uzbekistan’s foreign trade over this period rose as follows: in total trade turnover from 0.8% to 1.2%, in exports from 0.3% to 0.9%, and in imports from 1.3% to 1.5%.

In the structure of exports to the United States, the main share is accounted for by services — 81% (programming, financial, information and transport services), as well as petroleum products — 8.6% (aviation kerosene and others). These are followed by machinery and equipment — 3.7%; food products — 3.5% (dried fruits and vegetables, spices, rice and others); industrial goods — 3.3% (aluminum bars and profiles, rhenium metal and others); miscellaneous manufactured articles — 0.9%; chemicals — 0.4%; beverages and tobacco — 0.2%; and non-food raw materials — 0.1%.

In imports from the United States, machinery and equipment dominate — 59% (aircraft, automobiles and their parts, computer units, engines, pumps, machine tools and industrial installations). A significant share is also accounted for by services — 20.5% (financial, licensing, leasing and transport services). These are followed by chemicals — 9.7% (pharmaceuticals, binding agents and cosmetic substances); industrial goods — 3.8% (plastic and ferrous metal products and others); food products — 3.2% (poultry meat and by-products); miscellaneous manufactured articles — 2.2% (devices, instruments, paper products); non-food raw materials — 1.1% (cellulose and others); as well as beverages and tobacco — 0.5%.

Investment cooperation

As of February 1, 2026, there are 346 enterprises with U.S. capital operating in Uzbekistan, which accounts for about 2% of the total number of enterprises with foreign investment. Of these, 146 are joint ventures and 200 are foreign companies with U.S. capital participation.

The volume of foreign direct investment and loans from the United States over the past nine years has increased nearly 64-fold — from $8.6 mln in 2017 to $383.2 mln in 2025.

Overall, in 2017–2025 the cumulative volume of attracted U.S. FDI and loans into Uzbekistan’s economy exceeded $2.9 bn.

Investments were directed primarily into manufacturing industries (metallurgy, production of motor vehicles, beverages and textile products), mining industry, construction, services (real estate operations, education), as well as agriculture.

CERR Public relations and media sector

We are the luckiest children of our people. We are fortunate to see the days dreamed of by our Jadid ancestors and to build the future they desired. During the events of the seventh Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia, I was once again convinced of this.

         In recent years, Central Asia has acquired a new image on the world political map. Today, it is recognized that the countries of the region are not competitors, but reliable partners moving together on the path of development and cooperation. Consequently, other regions and powerful states are seeking to engage with us, envisioning a future in harmony with the spirit of Central Asia. This is not without reason. Because in the international arena, various conflicts and the pursuit of solely material interests have intensified. In such a situation, thanks to the political will and wise decisions of our President, a completely new policy, inherent to our people—one of openness and magnanimity—has gained priority in our region. All Central Asians rejoice in this. Why? Because our peoples have lived as neighbors, in-laws, sharing joys and sorrows as one nation.

         In awakening the spirit of Central Asia, our President first took the path of bringing our peoples closer together. We wisely used the power of literature and art to elevate relations to a new stage. In particular, various events and festivals were organized among cultural representatives of our countries. As part of state visits, performances by art and culture representatives and grand concerts have become commonplace.

         Our President has turned the gifting of books to his colleagues into a tradition. At the time, we understood this only within the framework of cultural ties. Time itself shows that the path chosen by our President is the way to reach the hearts of the people!

         After all, the peoples of Central Asia consider Khazrat Navoi their ancestor. Likewise, we also love Jami, Fuzuli, Makhtumkuli, and Abai just as we do Bobur or Alisher Navoi. We value the epic of Manas as if it were our own, and we read the works of Aitmatov more than anyone else. This alone indicates that our peoples have lived for centuries as close as flesh and nail. The leader of our state elevated such important aspects to the level of state policy. This opened a path to the hearts of our peoples. As a result, the seventh Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia was rich in historic events. Importantly, following its conclusion, very important decisions for the future of the region were adopted.

         In particular, a concept for regional security and stability in Central Asia was adopted. In today's global world, security is of paramount importance. In such a situation, one cannot develop in isolation. Where there is peace, there is also stability. That is why the new Central Asia is seen on the international stage as a peaceful and stable zone. Our region has not only natural resources and economic potential but also a sufficient level of human capital. At a time when mutual conflicts and economic blockades are intensifying in various parts of the world, it is also true that Central Asia's ability to maintain stability is seen as a lifeboat for others.

         Maintaining this stability and achieving economic growth by utilizing its opportunities is not easy. Anyone who closely observes the working regime of our President understands this correctly. Because the leader of our state works day and night to strengthen international ties. From the world podium, he is advancing not only national but also universal human interests. He calls for resolving any conflict and dispute through peaceful, diplomatic means.

         It is these calls, aspirations, and initiatives that have awakened the spirit of Central Asia today. The entire region has unanimously decided to safeguard security and stability together. As our President put it, we have deeply understood that our strength is in unity, and our path to success is in friendship and cooperation.

         In recent years, relations in the "Central Asia Plus" format have expanded. Our region is demonstrating a unified position on the international stage. At the same time, it is actively integrating into the world economy. Investment attractiveness is growing, export opportunities to third markets are expanding, and transit potential is increasing. For example, last year, the mutual trade volume between our countries reached 10.7 billion US dollars. The total volume of investments attracted to our region increased by 17 percent.

         Further enhancing economic relations and correctly assessing the rapidly changing, unpredictable geopolitical processes is an urgent task. In this sense, it is gratifying that at the Consultative Meeting, a catalog of threats to Central Asian security and measures to prevent them for 2026-2028 were outlined.

         The Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia was established on the initiative of our President. The leader of our state chaired its seventh meeting. During this period, our cooperation has been highly effective. To further enhance the potential of cooperation, over 20 major events were held. A forum for inter-regional cooperation at the level of deputy prime ministers was launched. Likewise, meetings of ministers were held for the first time. In particular, ministers of geology, industry, agriculture, ecology, and culture held meetings.

         Due to such aspects, we are right to say that a new era of the Consultative Meeting has begun. Just one example: now, member states will engage in separate, individual cooperation in each sector within the Consultative Meeting. We were convinced of this once again at the ministerial meetings.

         Within the framework of the international congress on "Central Asia: Common Spiritual and Educational Heritage – Common Future" at the Islamic Civilization Center, we held our first meeting with the culture ministers of Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Various issues of multilateral cooperation were discussed. We discussed issues of cooperation in various fields of culture and art. We exchanged views on the current state of regional cultural cooperation and future plans.

         Our peoples have one thing in common. That is, people listen more to elders, to individuals respected by the community. They follow them. Precisely this aspect is considered our unique strength, unlike other regions. Therefore, for the future, vital issues were raised about expanding cultural exchange among cultural figures. As a result, we reached agreements on expanding regional cultural cooperation.

         Mutual respect and magnanimity among peoples do not appear by themselves. It must be admitted that the human psyche has a strong tendency towards negative information. In today's global world, we see enough examples of this. Our President, deeply understanding this very aspect and analyzing it thoroughly, created the opportunity for cultural workers to strengthen such ties. I believe that cultural workers, and intellectuals in general, are responsible for further developing peace and mutual understanding in the region. It is precisely we who must prepare and present to our peoples the positive content that will lead to this. In this sense, we united around a common idea to hold joint events and festivals in the fields of art, literature, cinema, theater, and music. Such events remind us of ourselves once again. They sing the universal ideas, friendship, and magnanimity promoted by Navoi, Jami, Fuzuli and Makhtumkuli, Abai and Aitmatov, which are the cause for awakening the spirit of Central Asia today.

         The gratifying aspect is that we will also expand joint projects for the study, restoration, and digitization of cultural heritage. Furthermore, we will develop exchange programs among young creators. We reached an agreement on organizing seminars, conferences, and summer schools. We also exchanged views on strengthening cooperation in training and advanced training in the field of culture and art. Importantly, positive opinions were expressed on developing a "Central Asian Cultural Brand."

         Observing this process, the meetings and agreements at the level of state leaders, I felt that today Central Asia has truly become a single region, a unified force. Our peoples have gone through many trials to reach this day. We can see this in the example of our Jadid ancestors. Thankfully, the river that flows, flows on. Our ancestors always called the people of the world to enlightenment, friendship, and kindness. Today, we, as a single region, continue this eternal tradition. It is gratifying that the leader of our state is wisely using these values of ours not only for our country but also for the benefit of the whole world. This was clearly evident in the initiatives put forward by our President at the Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia.

         In particular, an initiative was put forward to establish an Council of Elders, comprising respected public figures with life experience and authority, based on the values and traditions of people's diplomacy. At the same time, it was emphasized that further improving cooperation mechanisms and the contractual-legal basis is of fundamental importance. Especially, the initiative to transform the Consultative Meeting into the strategic format of a "Central Asian Community" became the words in all our hearts.

         Because now Central Asia is not just a region, but is strengthening its place on the world political map as a single voice, a united force. That is why our President emphasized in his speech at the seventh Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia: "I am fully confident that today we are on the threshold of a period of historical awakening of our region as the New Central Asia."

         Precisely for this reason, developed countries are eager to cooperate with us. This is a great opportunity for the countries of the region. Using it wisely depends on our ability to protect our unity, friendship, and interests in a coordinated manner. In New Uzbekistan, it is recognized as a people-oriented policy precisely because such important aspects are always the focus of attention. The scale of countries wishing to cooperate with us confirms how sincere these recognitions are. There are two important reasons for the strong aspiration of developed countries towards New Uzbekistan. First, New Uzbekistan has become known as a state promoting the ideas of peace and humanity.

         Here, a vital truth must be stated. No matter how a person may appear in a hostile guise, they still strive to live for peace and friendship. Countries are the same. They may engage in various conflicts for their own interests. But deep down, they desire peace and prosperity. The foreign policy position of New Uzbekistan offers guarantees of this peace and friendship.

         The second important point is that thanks to the people-centered foreign policy, Central Asia has achieved unity. Now it is not seen as a field for labor or natural resources. Rather, it is seen as a new force with broad economic power in the international arena. During the Consultative Meeting, the leaders of the countries were at the Islamic Civilization Center. Our President emphasized that this center is a unique platform for creating scientific knowledge and ideas, conducting research, and popularizing our common cultural-historical heritage. Therefore, it is natural for the center to become a haven for the scientific and spiritual elevation of youth.

         We certainly have grounds for saying this with full confidence. At the Consultative Meeting, our President proposed to regularly organize the first International Congress dedicated to spiritual heritage and enlightenment ideas. According to it, the congress will be held annually in the country chairing the Consultative Meeting.

         All this shows that the countries of Central Asia are uniting not only because of economic or security issues, but because they are familiar with enlightenment. We know well that relationships built solely on material interests are fragile. In our region, however, live peoples with a single history, a common past. This is the reason for a unity that surpasses any material interests. That is why, at the meetings of state leaders, issues of culture and enlightenment always find a place on the agenda. This evokes boundless pride and honor in our hearts. At the same time, it also imposes the responsibility of being a generation worthy of such honorable days. For, at a time when the educational policy of New Uzbekistan is opening new horizons in Central Asia, being worthy of it is the duty and debt of every child of this land

Comprehensive monitoring of key business activity indicators across the regions of Uzbekistan shows growth across all major metrics.

According to оперативные данные from the Tax and Customs Committees, the Central Bank, and the Uzbek Republican Commodity Exchange, the Center for Economic Research and Reforms conducts ongoing monitoring of regional business activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

As of January this year, tax revenues demonstrated stable positive dynamics, increasing by 39.2% compared to the same period last year.

The most notable increase in revenues was recorded in the Syrdarya, Navoi, Khorezm, and Kashkadarya regions, where growth rates averaged approximately 49%.

Personal income tax revenues increased by 15.1%, property tax revenues by 19.6%, and land tax revenues by 20.3%.

Customs payments grew by 19.8% year-on-year. The highest growth rates were observed in the Navoi, Jizzakh, and Namangan regions, averaging approximately 67%.

Stable positive dynamics were also recorded in the Samarkand region and the Republic of Karakalpakstan, where revenues increased on average by 31%.

According to the analysis of foreign economic indicators, exports of goods increased by 19.5%. The most significant growth in export deliveries was observed in the Tashkent and Navoi regions, increasing on average by 47%.

At the same time, a notable expansion in lending activity was recorded. During the reporting period, the volume of loans issued by commercial banks increased by 2.7%. The highest growth was observed in the Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khorezm regions, averaging approximately 58%.

The active development of the private sector is confirmed by a significant increase in the number of newly registered business entities. In January 2026, a total of 7,116 new enterprises were registered. The largest number of new business entities was recorded in the city of Tashkent (1,712). Among the regions, the leaders were Tashkent region (735), Samarkand region (610), and Khorezm region (550).

The volume of transactions on the Uzbek Republican Commodity Exchange increased 1.8 times. Growth in exchange activity was recorded in most regions of the country, particularly in the Syrdarya region, where activity increased 11.1 times. In addition, growth was observed in the Khorezm, Surkhandarya, Bukhara, Jizzakh, and Kashkadarya regions, averaging 6.5 times.

Sultonmurod Ozodov,

Center for Economic Research and Reforms

Comment from the First Deputy Director of the Institute for Strategic and Interregional Studies (ISRS) under the President of Uzbekistan to Dunyo Information Agency

The focal points of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s address to the Oliy Majlis and the people of Uzbekistan as well as the signals conveyed to both domestic and international audiences, were highlighted in a commentary by Akramjon Ne’matov, the First Deputy Director of the Institute for Strategic and Interregional Studies (ISRS) under the President of Uzbekistan, in an interview with Dunyo IA correspondent.

The expert highlighted that the primary focus of the Address was on the country’s socio-economic development, the improvement of citizens’ well-being and the enhancement of the national economy’s competitiveness. According to him, the President of Uzbekistan clearly emphasized that it is the economy, the sustainability of development, and the quality of growth that today define Uzbekistan’s opportunities both domestically and in its external engagements.

Akramjon Ne’matov emphasized that despite a challenging and fragmented global environment, Uzbekistan’s economy continues to demonstrate steady growth. For the first time in the country’s history, its GDP surpassed $145 billion this year, whereas just nine years ago, reaching the $100 billion mark was considered an ambitious milestone. Even amid disruptions in global supply chains, exports grew by 23% to $33.4 billion, electricity production in 2025 reached 85 billion kilowatt-hours, and foreign exchange reserves exceeded $60 billion. Over $43.1 billion in investments were attracted to the national economy this year, raising the investment-to-GDP ratio to 31.9%, a clear indicator of the country’s rising investment appeal.

In this context, the expert noted, maintaining high economic growth rates remains an absolute priority. However, what is particularly significant is the shift in focus from quantitative expansion toward a technological and innovative development model. This entails building a knowledge- and technology-based economy, modernizing industry, advancing the digital economy, promoting scientific research and fostering technology transfer. As Akramjon Ne’matov stressed, “An innovative economy ensures long-term competitiveness and reduces dependency on raw materials, which is critically important amid global instability”.

Another strategic priority highlighted by the President of Uzbekistan is the stimulation of domestic demand. According to the expert, the development of the domestic market is seen as a key driver of sustainable growth, encompassing higher household incomes, support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and broader access to financial instruments. Domestic demand, he emphasized, provides stable sources of development and helps shield the economy from external shocks.

Special attention, Akramjon Ne’matov noted, was also given to workforce development and the creation of a new labor market architecture. The President outlined objectives for modernizing vocational education, fostering new competencies, and shaping a flexible and adaptive labor market capable of meeting the needs of a modern economy. He stressed that the labor market and professional development determine the quality of human capital – the key resource of the 21st century.

At the same time, an important focus is placed on ensuring ecological balance, developing “green energy” and the rational use of water resources. The transition to sustainable development, the adoption of renewable energy sources, improving energy and water efficiency, and adapting to climate change are regarded as strategic objectives. Ecology and “green” energy are now considered key factors for national security and sustainable development, Akramjon Ne’matov emphasized.

Among the President of Uzbekistan’s key priorities is also the formation of modern state governance and a fair judicial system. Central to this agenda are enhancing the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of public administration, strengthening the rule of law, digitizing public services and reforming the judiciary. The expert stressed that effective governance and a fair judicial system build trust, enhance investment appeal, and ensure long-term stability.

Overall, he noted, these priorities reflect Uzbekistan’s shift from quantitative growth toward a qualitative model of modernization focused on long-term outcomes.

Based on these strategic directions, Uzbekistan is shaping a framework of key cooperation priorities with international partners, aimed at deepening engagement through high-quality collaboration.

The first priority is technological and industrial partnership. This includes establishing joint high value-added production, localizing advanced technologies, and implementing collaborative research and development projects. The strategic goal is to move beyond simple technology adoption toward co-creation and practical implementation of innovations.

The second priority is the development of human capital. This encompasses joint programs for training and retraining personnel, sustained collaboration between universities, research centers, and industry, and the cultivation of new competencies demanded by the modern economy. The objective is to ensure the sustainability of reforms and enhance the quality of the workforce.

The third priority is “green” energy and resource efficiency. The focus is on joint initiatives in renewable energy, water-saving technologies, and environmentally sustainable solutions. These efforts are viewed as key instruments for reducing ecological risks and enhancing the long-term resilience of the economy.

The fourth priority is infrastructure and multi-level connectivity. The development of transport, logistics, and digital infrastructure aims not only to deepen Uzbekistan’s integration into regional and global supply chains but also to strengthen internal connectivity across the country’s regions, reduce territorial disparities, and improve access to markets, services, and economic opportunities. Taken together, these initiatives reinforce Uzbekistan’s role as a stable regional hub for cooperation and transit.

The fifth priority is institutional development and the quality of public governance. This includes promoting principles of transparent and efficient governance, establishing a fair and independent judicial system, enhancing the effectiveness and professionalism of the civil service, and fostering experience-sharing in the digitalization of public services. These measures create a predictable institutional environment, strengthen trust among investors and partners, and serve as a solid foundation for sustainable, long-term international cooperation.

In conclusion, Akramjon Ne’matov emphasized that Uzbekistan views collaboration with foreign partners as a strategic priority. The country aims to transition from broad but largely quantitative engagement toward high-quality partnerships, centered on technology, human capital, and sustainable growth that align with the long-term interests of all parties.

Dunyo IA

Amir Temur occupies a place in world history not only as a great commander and statesman who built a powerful and prosperous state. The great ruler turned his capital, Samarkand, into one of the cultural, architectural, scientific and spiritual centers of the world.

Therefore, the study of Amir Temur's exemplary life and statecraft, the history of his reign, the study of science and culture in it, as one of the major scientific directions of historiography, has always been and remains the focus of attention of world scientists, heads of state, and politicians. Also, sources on the history of the Timurids have been translated into various languages and scientific research has been carried out worldwide.

The number of publications on the study of the era of Amir Temur is increasing day by day in world historiography. Ultimately, an independent scientific direction of "Temur studies" has been formed in world social science.

Today, no one doubts the immeasurable contribution of Amir Temur and the Temurid dynasty to the development of world civilization, to the sharp rise in the scientific, political-legal, spiritual-ideal, cultural and intellectual level of humanity. It should be noted that the Timurid Renaissance was recognized by the whole world. The fact that the French scientist Vincent Fournier was the first to use the phrase "Temurid Renaissance" is evidence of this.

The world community recognizes the Timurid era as an era that was reflected in the development of science, culture, art and literature, as well as great discoveries and inventions, and our people as a people who have founded the Renaissance twice so far. That is, it is commendable that our people rightfully belong to the small number of "peoples who were able to create a Renaissance" in the full sense of the word.

In this sense, it is considered that there is every reason to believe that the efforts of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to create a new Renaissance in New Uzbekistan, that is, the foundation of the Third Renaissance, through large-scale democratic changes in our country, including reforms in the fields of science and education, will yield the expected results.

One of the greatest services of the Leader of the Nation to our people is the restoration of the dignity and broken national pride of our people, who have lost hope in their own country, who have lost hope in a prosperous and good life, and who have lost faith in the future, the formation of a consciousness specific to New Uzbekistan, the subsequent elevation of their spirits, and the return of respect for spiritual and educational values ​​and historical figures.

At a new stage of the development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with radical renewal and improvement in every sphere of the state and society, comprehensive measures are being implemented to strengthen national statehood, establish a stable track and develop the political, legal, economic and social life of our country.

In particular, in historiography, a wide path has been opened for studying the history of our ancestors, giving them a correct and objective scientific assessment, and on this basis restoring our national values. Because, as the President of Uzbekistan emphasized: “We have a great history that is worth admiring. We have great ancestors that are worth admiring.”

Amir Temur: "I declare peace and tranquility!"

At the current stage of the development of new Uzbekistan, it is very important that the period of Uzbek diplomacy from ancient times to the present day - the formation and development of independent Uzbek diplomacy - is comprehensively and systematically studied. In particular, the book "History of Uzbek diplomacy", published in 2022, is the VII volume of the "History of Uzbekistan" multi-volume work. The book is a practical response to the proposals made by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev at a meeting with Uzbek diplomats in January 2018.

The publication of a book on the history of Uzbek diplomacy is a major political event. As the head of our state noted, "our national statehood has a history of several thousand years and a rich culture. Therefore, diplomatic relations also go back to the deepest layers of our history. This fact is widely recognized not only by our country, but also by scientists from around the world."

One of the most striking qualities of our great ancestor, Sahibkiran Amir Temur, is that six centuries ago he deeply understood that the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between states, the strengthening of friendship and solidarity between distant and close peoples was an important factor in ensuring the prospects of his empire. Therefore, he carried out great works that served to connect Europe and Asia. On the one hand, he established contacts with China, India, on the other hand, France, Spain, England and other countries and sought to strengthen these relations.

As recognized on a scientific basis by our country's scientists and foreign experts, Amir Temur also left a deep mark in history as the most skillful diplomat of his time. As a great statesman, Sahibkiran skillfully combined the peaceful path of diplomacy and military measures in achieving his goals.

The great empire built by Amir Temur since that time has attracted not only neighboring countries and their kings, but also rulers of distant lands. Historical documents indicate that from the 70s of the 14th century, representatives of European countries came to Transoxiana and were seriously interested in the power and potential of the new, independent state here.

Sahibkiran, in turn, especially after the formation of a powerful empire, established active diplomatic relations with almost all major states of that time and their rulers. He sent his ambassadors to various countries, as well as received foreign ambassadors sent to him.

Amir Temur sent ambassadors to the court of Don Enrique III of Castile and Leon (in some sources - King Henry III of Spain), the ruler of France Charles VI (in some sources - Charles VI), and the king of England Henry IV, who, in turn, received ambassadors from Spain, France, England, China and a number of others - a total of more than 20 foreign states - in his capital Samarkand, which clearly confirms this idea.

According to historical sources, on July 28, 1402, the Ambassadors of King Don Enrique III of Castile and Leon, who were present at the presence of Amir Temur, included Payo de Soto Mayor and Hernan Sanchez de Palazuelos. When the time came for the ambassadors to return, Sahibkiran sent one of the capable beys, Muhammad Keshi, with letters and gifts to Castile as an Ambassador with them, in order to further strengthen relations between the two states. Muhammad Keshi arrived there safely and handed over the letters and gifts to Don Enrique III.

It is known that Amir Temur recruited Nasaf and Kesh scholars, capable individuals knowledgeable in religious and secular sciences, and proficient in foreign languages ​​to his palace. They performed various duties, including the duties of Ambassador. For example, Muhammad Keshi lived in Spain for some time as Sahibqiran's ambassador, while Maulana Abdullah Keshi was sent by Amir Temur as an ambassador to Faraj, the Sultan of Egypt.

Amir Temur usually sent Christian leaders to European countries as ambassadors. Of the Muslim diplomats, only Muhammad Keshi managed to go to Europe. This also indicates his ability, knowledge of several languages, probably one of the European languages.

At that time, the fame of Amir Temur had spread throughout Europe. Therefore, Muhammad Keshi was received with great respect by the King of Castile, Don Enrique III. He attended receptions at the Royal Palace and in the palaces of the great nobles. The King accompanied him to Samarkand with his ambassadors, led by Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo, and respectfully escorted him.

One of the distinctive features of Amir Temur's diplomacy was that in all his addresses, even in letters written in the form of strict demands, he adhered to the etiquette of Eastern diplomacy. It is not difficult to learn from historical letters that have survived from those times that Sahibkiran always responded to the letters of the rulers of some countries, written in a rude manner, sometimes with anger and ignorance, expressing his opinion clearly, with culture and decency. The fact that Amir Temur's letter to the French King Charles VI contains the words "I declare peace and tranquility!" clearly confirms this.

Diplomatic correspondence of Amir Temur

The correspondence that has survived from that time to the present clearly testifies to the skillful diplomatic activity of Amir Temur and the Temurids. Currently, 4 letters are kept in the National Archives of France:

the first is the original copy of Amir Temur's letter to the French King Charles IV in Persian;

the second is a copy of this letter translated into Latin by Archbishop John himself or one of his contemporaries;

the third, a copy of a letter written in Latin by the French King Charles IV to Amir Temur;

the fourth, a Latin translation of a letter sent by Mironshah Mirzo to three European kings. The original copy was kept by John and later shown to the King of England.

When it comes to the study of relations between Amir Temur and Europe during the former Soviet era, it is worth noting that I. Umnyakov's article "International relations of Central Asia at the beginning of the 15th century. Amir Temur's relations with Byzantium and France" and other works are quite informative.

Amir Temur also conducted diplomatic correspondence with distant states of Western Europe, in particular, with the representative of the Valois dynasty - King Charles VI of France (1380-1422) and King Henry IV of England (1399-1413). The first brief information about the correspondence between Amir Temur and Charles VI in 1402-1403 was provided by the French historian Flossant, who lived at the beginning of the 19th century, in his research published in 1811.

Amir Temur's letter to Charles VI was written in Persian, in an unusual style, not similar to the style of the rulers of the East. The letter mentions that "the preacher Francis" brought letters to Amir Temur from the French king.

As far as we know, there was no official exchange of ambassadors between Amir Temur and Charles VI, as there was between King Henry III of Castile. At the same time, the text of the letter suggests that Amir Temur had previously received letters from France. However, these letters have not reached us.

There is no doubt that this letter is an original. This is clearly confirmed by the fact that Amir Temur's miraculous seal is stamped on two places on the letter. The fact that the seal on the letter actually belongs to Sahibkiran has been proven by most historians, including Ambassador Clavijo and historian Ibn Arabshah.

An important point is that Clavijo is one of the few, that is, one of four people who saw Amir Temur and wrote memoirs based on direct conversations with him. This fact further increases the authenticity of the diaries of the Spanish Ambassador, as well as the memoirs created by Ibn Arabshah, Ibn Khaldun, and Archbishop John. Therefore, honesty is the path to truth and justice.

The National Library in Paris preserves the second letter of Amir Temur to Charles VI. The Latin translation of this letter has come down to us, first published by Sylvester de Sacy.

At the same time, there is also a Latin translation of the letter sent by Charles VI to Amir Temur. This is a unique document of particular value as the only letter from the French king to Sahibkiran that has survived to this day. While both letters of Amir Temur are dated August 1, 1402, the letter of Charles VI is dated June 15, 1403.

The foreign policy and diplomatic correspondence of His Majesty Amir Temur have been and are being studied in detail by scholars around the world, including specialists from our country. Some time ago, when I met with Jean-Louis Bacquet-Grammon, a well-known French orientalist and orientalist, in Paris, he presented me with a rare copy of the book "Amir Temur's Campaign in Anatolia (1402)" written by the Romanian historian and Turkologist Maria-Matilda Alexandrescu-Dersca, published in 1942.

Despite the fact that Amir Temur's letters were written almost seven centuries ago, some of their aspects resonate as an extremely important call for our day: it is understood that the prosperity of the world with merchants, the glory of the empire is determined primarily by recognizing the glory of other empires, respecting the dignity of citizens, regardless of official and unofficial differences, and firmly adhering to human rights and freedoms.

In addition, as material evidence of the diplomatic correspondence of the Timurids, one can cite the letters between Amir Timur and his third son, the ruler of Western Iran, Iraq and Azerbaijan, Miranshah Mirza, and the kings of France, England, Castile and other countries. Some of these letters are kept in the French National Archives, the British Museum and the Spanish archives.

The diplomatic correspondence of Amir Timur and the Timurids clearly shows, firstly, that Europe has always reached out to the East, which awakened long before it, and secondly, that the East also sought to establish contacts with these countries, cooperate, establish trade and commerce, and, despite religious differences, honor merchants and protect their rights.

Akmal SAIDOV,

academician

The traditional annual Address of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev delivered on the eve of the New Year, became an important programmatic statement summarizing the results of the outgoing year and outlining the country’s strategic development priorities for the period ahead.

As the Head of State emphasized, the past year marked a period of steady progress in reforms and the strengthening of Uzbekistan’s socio-economic position, despite ongoing instability in the global economy and a complex international environment. In this context, the announcement of the coming year as the “Year of Mahalla Development and Society as a Whole” gained particular significance, signaling a transition toward a deeper focus of state policy on people’s quality of life and the development of civil society.

In his Address, the President noted that the national economy continued to demonstrate confident growth. The year 2025 concluded with landmark achievements: for the first time, the country’s GDP exceeded 145 billion US dollars, exports increased by 23 percent to 33.4 billion dollars, and foreign exchange and gold reserves surpassed 60 billion dollars. Investment inflows totaling 43.1 billion dollars enabled the implementation of dozens of major projects in industry, energy, and infrastructure. International rating agencies upgraded Uzbekistan’s sovereign credit rating from BB- to BB, opening more favorable conditions for external financing.

It was particularly emphasized that these macroeconomic results were accompanied by positive changes in the social sphere. Owing to active employment policies, the unemployment rate declined from 5.5 percent to 4.9 percent, and around five million people gained sustainable sources of income. Significant attention was devoted to supporting low-income families, developing targeted social assistance mechanisms, and improving access to basic services. The poverty rate decreased from 8.9 percent to 5.8 percent within a year, lifting approximately 1.5 million citizens out of poverty.

These outcomes were the result of consistent reforms aimed at enhancing economic resilience and creating a solid foundation for social development. Economic achievements expanded the state’s capacity to address social challenges and implement long-term support programs for the population. The President noted that social policy has become more responsive to the concrete needs of citizens, which represents a fundamental achievement of the current reform agenda.

Special attention in the Address was devoted to Uzbekistan’s foreign policy course, which was characterized as pragmatic, open, and oriented toward long-term national interests. The President emphasized that an active and balanced foreign policy remains a key factor in ensuring sustainable development, expanding economic opportunities, and strengthening Uzbekistan’s international standing. It was noted that in recent years the country has significantly expanded the geographical scope of its foreign economic relations, reinforced partnerships both with neighboring states and leading global centers, and consistently continued to promote regional cooperation initiatives. This course reflects Uzbekistan’s aspiration to assume a more visible and responsible role in international affairs, guided by the principles of mutual benefit and respect.

The Address also addressed the reform of the public procurement system as one of the key elements in enhancing transparency and efficiency in public administration. The President stressed that improving public procurement mechanisms is aimed at creating equal conditions for businesses, fostering competition, and ensuring the efficient use of budgetary resources. These measures are viewed as an important part of Uzbekistan’s preparation for accession to the World Trade Organization. In this context, reforms in the field of public procurement acquire not only domestic but also external economic significance, as they contribute to aligning national procedures with international standards and rules. Thus, the outlined steps reflect a systemic approach to Uzbekistan’s integration into the global trade and economic system.

A separate section of the Address focused on anti-corruption efforts, which were identified as one of the key priorities for further development. The President underscored that the fight against corruption is regarded not as a one-time campaign, but as a long-term state policy aimed at establishing an honest, transparent, and accountable system of governance.

“Allowing corruption is a betrayal of our reforms. We declare 2026 a year of ‘extraordinary measures’ to combat this scourge,” the President stated.

It was noted that the measures already being implemented—such as the digitalization of public services, increased transparency in decision-making, and strengthened public oversight—are producing tangible results, though they require further deepening. The emphasis on the anti-corruption agenda demonstrates a commitment to strengthening trust among citizens and international partners in state institutions.

Considerable attention in the Address was also given to environmental issues and sustainable development. The President noted that the environmental agenda is becoming an integral part of state policy and is directly linked to the quality of life of the population and the country’s long-term security. The importance of rational use of natural resources, the expansion of green technologies, and the implementation of programs to improve environmental conditions—especially in the most vulnerable regions—was underscored. Plans were announced to hold the next Assembly of the Global Environment Facility and the Central Asian International Environmental Exhibition in Samarkand in 2026. These events will create valuable opportunities to identify partners for industries, regions, and businesses, and to jointly launch new environmental projects. It was emphasized that environmental initiatives are viewed not only as a social necessity, but also as a key element of economic modernization and enhanced resilience.

Taken together, these priorities demonstrate the comprehensive nature of the ongoing reforms. They indicate that the course toward socially oriented development is inseparably linked with institutional transformation and international integration. This approach reflects Uzbekistan’s determination to build a balanced development model in which economic growth, social sustainability, and responsible governance mutually reinforce one another.

Summarizing the results of the concluding year, the Head of State stressed that all these achievements became possible due to a well-structured reform system and the active participation of society. At the same time, he underlined that further development requires not only economic resources but also a stronger social environment, trust, and solidarity. It was within this logic that the proposal was made to declare the coming year the Year of Support for the Mahalla, as the institution closest to people and their everyday concerns.

In the Address, the mahalla was characterized as a unique form of social organization that has absorbed centuries-old traditions of mutual assistance, responsibility, and respect. The President emphasized that the stability of the state begins with the stability of the mahalla, with an atmosphere of harmony and engagement at the local level. “If there is order and trust in the mahalla, there will be stability in society as a whole,” this idea became one of the key messages of the Address, logically linking past achievements with future objectives.

Support for the mahalla in the coming year is viewed as a systemic measure aimed at further strengthening social policy. The President pointed out that it is precisely at the mahalla level where family issues, employment challenges, education, social protection, and the prevention of social vulnerability can be identified most effectively. In this sense, the development of mahalla structures becomes a tool for increasing the targeting of state assistance and enhancing social justice. The economic achievements discussed earlier thus find their continuation in the social domain.

A significant part of the Address was devoted to citizen participation and the development of civil society. The President stressed that a modern state is impossible without active and responsible citizens involved in decision-making and oversight of implementation. In this context, the mahalla is seen as a space for fostering civic initiative and dialogue between authorities and the population.

“We must create conditions under which every person feels involved in the destiny of the country,” the Head of State noted, outlining a strategic commitment to expanding public participation.

Special emphasis was placed on the role of the mahalla in youth education and the strengthening of social values. The President noted that alongside economic indicators, the formation of a moral, educated, and socially responsible individual remains no less important. Support for projects in education, culture, and sports implemented at the mahalla level is regarded as an investment in the country’s future. “The future of Uzbekistan depends on the environment we create for our children today,” this quotation from the Address clearly reflects the long-term orientation of state policy.

Thus, the declaration of 2026 as the “Year of Mahalla Development and Society as a Whole” demonstrates the state’s intention to move from macro-level achievements toward deeper engagement with quality of life, human capital, and social institutions. It signifies a concentration of efforts on strengthening local communities, developing social infrastructure, and fostering an active and cohesive society.

The President’s Address sets a clear development vector for the year ahead: reliance on achieved economic successes, reinforcement of social policy, and the advancement of civil society through support for the mahalla. This approach reflects a strategic understanding that the sustainability of reforms and the country’s long-term prosperity are impossible without strong communities, trust, and citizen participation. In this context, support for the mahalla emerges not only as a social priority, but also as a foundation for Uzbekistan’s long-term development.

The year 2025 marked a stage of qualitative renewal and consolidation of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy positions. Amid a complex and ambiguous international environment characterized by rising geopolitical tensions, the transformation of global institutions, and intensifying competition for resources and markets, Uzbekistan, under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, consistently pursued an open, pragmatic, active, and proactive foreign policy. This approach not only helped preserve the stability of external relations but also infused them with new substantive content aligned with the country’s long-term interests and domestic development priorities.

As emphasized by the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, in his Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people on December 26, 2025, “in recent times the country has been becoming an international platform for dialogue where global issues are discussed.”

As an integral part of the large-scale socio-economic reforms underway in the country, the diplomatic strategy of New Uzbekistan was aimed at creating favorable external conditions for economic modernization, attracting foreign investment and tourists, expanding export potential, and strengthening humanitarian and cultural ties. The foundations of this foreign policy course remained the principles of openness, equal partnership, mutual respect, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, and strict adherence to international law.

Political dialogue at the highest level with prominent world leaders has reached a new stage and become regular. New agreements have been reached with the leaders of the United States, China, Russia, France, Italy, Turkey, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia and a number of Arab states. In 2025, the number of bilateral meetings at the level of heads of state and government exceeded 55, which indicates a growth in mutual trust with foreign partners.

A similar trend was observed in the development of intensive high-level political dialogue. Throughout the year, high-level Uzbek delegations carried out 172 visits to 93 countries, covering virtually all key regions of the world. Representatives of ministries, agencies, and regional administrations also played a substantial role in shaping the international agenda. With the support of diplomatic missions, they undertook around 300 official visits to more than 50 countries, bringing foreign relations to a more practical and results-oriented level.

Acting as an active host, Uzbekistan has become one of the centers of world diplomacy. This is clearly demonstrated by the fact that the country has hosted forums, assemblies and conferences of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the United Nations Civil Service, the UNESCO General Conference, the International Climate Conference, the Tashkent Summit of the countries of the region and a number of other major events. Our country has hosted over 120 high-level foreign delegations, as well as about 300 delegations from regional authorities of foreign states. These contacts have contributed to the development of interregional cooperation, the establishment of direct links between business circles and the expansion of the legal framework for cooperation.

Central Asia traditionally occupies a special place in Uzbekistan’s foreign policy strategy. In 2025, this priority received further institutional development. Uzbekistan chaired the Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia, with the chairmanship implemented for the first time on the basis of a comprehensive standalone program. Its agenda covered economic cooperation, transport connectivity, environmental issues, rational use of water resources, and humanitarian exchanges.

The organization of more than twenty major events and the holding in Tashkent of a summit of Central Asian leaders—historic in its outcomes and chaired by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev—became the culmination of regional diplomacy for the year. These developments confirmed the region’s aspiration to deepen mutual trust and pursue joint development.

Today, we can say with confidence that our vast region is becoming a unified, fully-fledged player in world politics for the first time in a long time. This is evidenced by the growing attention of the international community and the changed perception of the region on the global stage. A striking example is the development of the ‘Central Asia Plus’ formats, which in 2025 were filled with new concrete practical content. The summits with the European Union, China, Russia, the United States and Japan clearly demonstrated the region's increased role in global politics and strengthened its position as an area of stability, predictability and mutually beneficial cooperation.

An important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy in 2025 was the further expansion of its geographical reach. Alongside traditional partners in the CIS, Europe, and Asia, contacts with countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and South America were intensified. The first-ever bilateral high-level engagements with Slovakia, Serbia, Jordan, Paraguay, and several other states testified to the consistent expansion of Uzbekistan’s international presence. As a result, the total number of countries with which Uzbekistan maintains diplomatic relations reached 165.

Against this backdrop, several events of strategic significance had a profound impact on Uzbekistan’s foreign policy positioning in 2025. The signing of the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the European Union and President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s visit to Brussels marked a transition in relations with the EU to a qualitatively new level. The agreement established a solid legal framework for deepening political dialogue, expanding trade and economic ties, attracting investment, and developing cooperation in sustainable development, the green economy, and digitalization, while also reflecting the high assessment by European partners of Uzbekistan’s ongoing reforms.

Continuing its course toward expanding and deepening engagement with key global centers of power, Uzbekistan steadily developed relations with the United States. A landmark event in this regard was the successful outcome of the “C5+1” summit held in Washington in November, which brought together the leaders of the United States and the Central Asian states. Uzbekistan’s role in this format has been widely recognized by international experts and policymakers as that of a key initiator of regional cooperation and a responsible partner of the United States in the areas of sustainable development, security, economic interaction, and humanitarian ties.

Equally significant was the participation of the President of Uzbekistan in the session of the United Nations General Assembly. The head of state’s address from the UN’s main international platform reaffirmed the country’s commitment to multilateralism, peaceful dialogue, and the collective search for solutions to pressing global challenges.

In 2025, four resolutions initiated by Uzbekistan were adopted by the UN General Assembly, reflecting the country’s priorities in sustainable development, regional security, and humanitarian cooperation. In addition, Uzbekistan was elected to several authoritative UN bodies, underscoring the growing trust of the international community.

A historic event of the year was the holding of the 43rd session of the UNESCO General Conference in Samarkand. For the first time in forty years, this forum took place outside Paris, representing unprecedented recognition of Uzbekistan’s cultural, historical, and civilization significance. For several days, Samarkand became a global platform for dialogue on education, science, and culture, strengthening the humanitarian dimension of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy and its image as a center of intercivilizational interaction.

Alongside active political diplomacy, economic diplomacy developed dynamically in 2025, firmly establishing itself as one of the key instruments of the country’s foreign policy. Systematic work within the framework of “Ministry of Foreign Affairs — diplomatic missions — sectoral agencies — regions” yielded tangible results in attracting foreign investment and expanding external economic ties. Over the first ten months of the year, USD 34.4 billion in foreign investment was mobilized with the support of diplomatic missions.

The effectiveness of Uzbekistan’s economic policy received high praise from international financial institutions and rating agencies. In 2025, Fitch Ratings and S&P upgraded the country’s sovereign credit rating from “BB-” to “BB,” while Moody’s revised its outlook from “stable” to “positive,” reflecting growing confidence in the economy and the sustainability of ongoing reforms.

The intensification of foreign economic activity also contributed to the growth of trade indicators. Over the first eleven months of 2025, Uzbekistan’s foreign trade turnover reached USD 72.7 billion, with exports amounting to USD 30.8 billion—an increase of USD 6.6 billion compared to the same period of the previous year. A significant reduction in the trade deficit was the result of targeted efforts by diplomatic missions to diversify markets and promote domestic products abroad.

Tourism, as an element of “soft power,” played an important role in shaping Uzbekistan’s positive international image in 2025. Over eleven months, the country was visited by 10.7 million foreign tourists, with more than one million foreign visitors welcomed each month on average. Active participation in international exhibitions, large-scale promotional events abroad, and the hosting in Tashkent of the first “Central Asia–European Union” Tourism Forum helped strengthen Uzbekistan’s position as one of the most promising tourist destinations in the region.

Considerable attention was also devoted to protecting the rights and interests of Uzbek citizens abroad, an important humanitarian dimension of foreign policy. From January to September 2025, more than 385,000 consular actions were carried out, including the return of unlawfully confiscated documents and the recovery of unpaid wages, alongside the implementation of programs facilitating the return of compatriots to their homeland. In parallel, digital consular services were improved, the geography of visa-free and simplified entry for Uzbek citizens was expanded, and cooperation with diaspora communities was strengthened.

In summary, the outcomes of 2025 clearly demonstrate that Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has reached a high level of maturity, consistency, and effectiveness. The country not only strengthened its positions on the international stage but also successfully leveraged diplomatic instruments to support domestic development, enhance investment attractiveness, and improve the quality of life of its citizens. Uzbekistan concludes the year with an expanded network of partnerships, a robust legal and contractual framework, and a clear vision for the future—remaining open to the world and looking ahead with confidence and optimism.

Dunyo IA

In the 21st century, "green" development has become not just a trend, but an unavoidable path for all of humanity. In the face of rapid climate change, intensifying water resource scarcity, and loss of biodiversity, sustainable development has become a priority for every nation. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh.M. Mirziyoyev, speaking at international, regional, and national forums, consistently promotes the agenda of sustainable "green" development as the key to the prosperity of future generations.

The recently published book "The Path of 'Green' Development for New Uzbekistan" presents 310 quotes and 54 initiatives by Sh. Mirziyoyev, proposed during the period of 2017-2025, addressing climate change mitigation, rational use of water and natural resources, biodiversity conservation, and transition to a "green" economy.

Structurally, the book is divided into three chapters: "'Green' Development - the Path Chosen by Humanity," "Central Asia - The Course Towards 'Green' Development and the Future," and "New Uzbekistan on the Path of Sustainable Development."

Green development: the path humanity has chosen

 In the context of the global climate crisis, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environmental quality, an increasing number of countries are transitioning to a sustainable development model. Within this concept, a "green" economy is replacing raw material-industrial models centered on extraction, exploitation, and disregard for environmental risks.

The leader of Uzbekistan has repeatedly emphasized that for Central Asian countries, "green" development should become the foundation for a new stage of modernization: ..."only by efficiently utilizing limited land and water resources, addressing environmental issues, and embarking on the path of 'green' development, 'green' economy, and 'green' energy can we ensure sustainable development of the country and the well-being of its population. This is the only correct path." This quote reflects a fundamental shift in state policy: from narrow economic thinking to a strategic approach that focuses not only on profit and growth but also on environmental preservation, ecosystem sustainability, and public health. This is precisely why Sh. Mirziyoyev advocates the idea that the green course is not a fashionable trend, but a long-term necessity. Supporting the transition to green energy sources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening environmental legislation, and educating the public are all part of a systemic green reform.

The President consistently emphasizes that responsibility for the future lies not only with developed countries but also with emerging economies. In this context, he declared at the UN General Assembly (2023): "At this pivotal historical moment, we all must reflect on what kind of planet we will leave for future generations." This appeal aims to mobilize the global community, but primarily reflects Uzbekistan's internal transformation - a course towards sustainability, resource conservation, and climate justice. In this regard, we present the following scientifically grounded proposals of the President.

Firstly, "climate change has become one of the main challenges for sustainable development in Central Asia," declared the President of Uzbekistan at the COP28 summit in Dubai. He emphasized that "the transition to a 'green' economy and achieving carbon neutrality are strategic objectives of New Uzbekistan."

Secondly, "Climate change has become one of the main challenges to sustainable development. This is especially acute in Central Asia and adjacent regions against the backdrop of the Aral Sea tragedy - one of the most devastating ecological crises of our time."

Thirdly, "the rise in air temperature in Central Asia is twice the global average, the number of extremely hot days has doubled, and a third of glacier masses have melted."

Fourthly, "soil degradation, regular dust and sand storms, drinking water shortages, air pollution, biodiversity loss, sharp decline in crop yields, and many other factors are negatively impacting the quality of life of millions of residents in the region."

Fifthly, the President also called for "swift agreement on the Global Framework for Climate Change Adaptation within the Paris Agreement." He also addressed the topic of global transition to a low-carbon economy. According to him, this process "must be fair, transparent, and inclusive" and "must necessarily take into account the interests of developing countries."

Sixthly, to transform the Aral Sea region into a Zone of Innovation, Technology, and New Opportunities, the head of Uzbekistan invited everyone to close cooperation "in creating an International Climate Technology Expo Hub in this region." Additionally, the President proposed to "establish scientific exchange and conduct joint research on the platform of the Climate Science Forum," which is being created on the basis of Green University in Tashkent, involving scientists and experts from foreign countries.

Central Asia: Charting a Course Towards "Green" Development and Future

 Global climate change is one of the most serious problems of our time, affecting all countries worldwide and becoming a significant obstacle to sustainable "green" development. The observed warming is causing extreme natural phenomena across the globe, such as droughts, hurricanes, scorching heat, fires, torrential rains, and floods.

Uzbekistan and other Central Asian states are among the countries most vulnerable to environmental disasters. Against the backdrop of a general increase in climate threats, Central Asia is developing its own regional response to the challenges of global warming and environmental degradation. The initiatives of the President of Uzbekistan on international platforms demonstrate that green transformation is not just a national priority, but also an interstate one.

Speaking at the 78th session of the UN General Assembly (2023), the President emphasized: "Today, the world is facing a severe ecological situation. The triple planetary crisis, caused by climate change, loss of biodiversity, and environmental pollution, is intensifying.

Under these challenging conditions, Central Asia, which continues to grapple with the tragedy of the Aral Sea, is becoming one of the regions most vulnerable to climate change."

This quote indicates the need for regional integration in the field of environmental safety. The President emphasizes the importance of joint actions in the management of natural resources, in particular transboundary waters. He initiated the development of a Regional Strategy to combat desertification and land degradation, emphasizing that sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation are only possible through coordinated efforts.

As part of this initiative, the following proposals were put forward:

First proposal: establishment of a Regional Center for Climate Technologies;

Second proposal: creation of a unified "green" energy space;

Third proposal: joint projects for reforestation and combating desertification, particularly in the dried-up seabed of the Aral Sea;

Fourth proposal: development of transboundary water diplomacy based on the principles of the Helsinki Convention.

In recent years, at Uzbekistan's initiative, the UN General Assembly has adopted more than ten special resolutions. Many of these directly address environmental issues in Central Asia and reflect Uzbekistan's active role in regional environmental diplomacy.

It is particularly noteworthy that all international initiatives and efforts of Uzbekistan's leader in this field are rooted in our national values, passed down from our ancestors over millennia. It should be emphasized that the environmental initiatives presented by the head of state at global forums receive widespread support from the international community and make a tangible contribution to ensuring sustainable "green" development at the global level.

For instance, one of Uzbekistan's landmark achievements was the adoption of a Special Resolution by the UN General Assembly in 2021, declaring the Aral Sea region a zone of environmental innovations and technologies. This marks the first time the UN General Assembly has granted such a high status to a region. This is because, due to the drying up of the Aral Sea, the Aral Sea region has become the epicenter of a global ecological disaster, a territory with an elevated risk to human health and ecosystem instability.

Water resource management issues in the region also remain within the focus of the President of Uzbekistan. "Effective water resource management with neighboring countries is key to sustainable development not only for Uzbekistan but for our entire region." This statement is particularly relevant for Central Asia, where water is becoming an increasingly scarce and politically sensitive resource. The leader of Uzbekistan advocates for the establishment of sustainable mechanisms for the distribution and joint management of water flows, which should reduce tensions and ensure harmonious development.

At the SCO summit in Bishkek (June 14, 2019), Shavkat Mirziyoyev proposed adopting the SCO "Green Belt" program to introduce resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies in the organization's member countries. At the 14th ECO Summit (March 4, 2021), the Head of Uzbekistan put forward an initiative to develop and approve a medium-term strategy aimed at ensuring energy sustainability and broadly attracting investments and modern technologies to this sector.

At the Third Consultative Meeting of Central Asian Heads of State, held on August 6, 2021, in Turkmenistan, the President of Uzbekistan advocated for the development of a regional "Green Agenda" program for Central Asia. This program aims to facilitate the adaptation of countries in the region to climate change. The main focus areas of the program could include gradual decarbonization of the economy, rational use of water resources, integration of energy-efficient technologies into the economy, and increasing the share of renewable energy production.

Overall, against the backdrop of the increasing prominence of the international climate agenda, Uzbekistan's ongoing systemic environmental policy in the field of environmental protection aims to further improve the ecological situation in the Central Asian region.

Uzbekistan's New Path Towards Sustainable Development

 Today, Uzbekistan is actively integrating the principles of "green" transformation into its development strategies, laying the foundation for long-term sustainable growth. This is not merely a response to global challenges, but also an aspiration to enhance the quality of life for our citizens, generate new employment opportunities, and foster the country's sustainable "green" development. At present, "green" development in Uzbekistan has been elevated to the status of a nationwide movement. The primary objective of New Uzbekistan's transition to a "green" course is to safeguard human dignity, improve the population's well-being, and protect the fundamental rights of its citizens.

For Uzbekistan, the transition to "green" development is not an abstract concept or something far removed from reality. This notion has become an integral part of our country's constitutional course, encompassing all sectors of the economy and public life.

President Sh. Mirziyoyev emphasizes: "It is of great importance to accelerate the transition to an economy based on the careful management of water, energy, and other natural resources.

The task of developing 'green' and digital technologies, as well as production enterprises, is also crucial for us."

This is not merely a scientific and philosophical statement, but a guiding principle of state environmental policy. Under this slogan, various programs are being developed:

• increasing the share of renewable energy (target - at least 30% by 2030);
• reducing water losses in the agricultural sector through the use of digital systems and precision farming;
• improving energy efficiency of residential and industrial buildings;
• creating "smart" and "green" cities, including within the framework of the "Tashkent - Green Capital" project.

One example is the construction of solar and wind power plants in Navoi, Bukhara, and Samarkand regions. These projects are being implemented with the participation of major foreign investors (Masdar, ACWA Power) and are creating new jobs while reducing the burden on hydrocarbon resources.

Sh.Mirziyoyev also emphasizes the need to cultivate new ecological thinking in young people: "Understanding nature, environmental education and upbringing, forming environmental awareness and ecological culture among the population, especially among youth, which promote kindness, compassion, and mercy, are among the important tasks that must be accomplished to preserve the environment."

In this context, special attention is paid to environmental education, promoting sustainable practices, and supporting startups in the field of eco-technologies and green innovations. The creation of a national environmental performance rating for regions and institutions has become a tool for stimulating sustainable change.

Thus, Uzbekistan is becoming an example of a systematic approach to sustainable "green" development, combining environmental goals with economic growth and social justice. The principles of the "green" economy are increasingly being integrated into national planning, making Uzbekistan not only a participant but also an active driver of the international green agenda.

Conclusions: Prospects for the Future

 First conclusion. The approach being implemented in New Uzbekistan under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev exemplifies the synergy of political will, scientific knowledge, national policy, and international cooperation. "Green" development is not a trend or a temporary solution. It is a strategic choice, a path chosen by humanity, and Uzbekistan demonstrates how this path can be realized in the face of global challenges.

Second conclusion. The initiatives and statements of Uzbekistan's leader demonstrate that green development for Uzbekistan is not a temporary agenda, but a strategic vector for a promising future. The framework of an environmentally responsible state is being systematically formed: with new laws, institutions, technologies, and public awareness.

Third conclusion. A distinctive feature of the Uzbek approach is its comprehensiveness: from global leadership in climate diplomacy to the practical transformation of energy, land use, and water management. Sh. Mirziyoyev not only articulates the principles of sustainable development but also ensures their institutional establishment, investment, and public support.

Fourth conclusion. Thus, the path to a "green" future, proposed and implemented by New Uzbekistan, can serve as a model for countries facing similar challenges and opportunities. This is a path where economic progress goes hand in hand with care for the planet, where political will translates into concrete actions, and sustainability becomes a new norm for human development.

The formula of "comprehensive strategic partnership" in relations between Uzbekistan and Türkiye has in recent years ceased to be merely a diplomatic definition and increasingly reflects the actual substance of bilateral cooperation. Political dialogue, economic collaboration, humanitarian contacts, and transport connectivity form the stable pillars of systemic Uzbek-Turkish relations.

Analysis of the current state of partnership between the two countries confirms that Tashkent and Ankara have successfully established an institutional architecture for comprehensive strategic partnership. The key mechanism of bilateral interaction is the High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council co-chaired by the presidents of both states, with its fourth meeting scheduled for 2026. This format ensures systematic political dialogue and coordination of joint efforts across a broad spectrum of areas.

An important factor in the effective functioning of this institutional system is the active and trusting dialogue between Presidents Shavkat Mirziyoyev and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, maintained through regular telephone conversations and meetings on the sidelines of international events. Such dynamics impart a personal dimension to strategic interaction and create a favorable environment for deepening practical cooperation at the levels of governments, businesses, and expert communities of both countries.

Uzbek-Turkish relations gain an additional dimension through cooperation within the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). The participation of Tashkent and Ankara in this organization's activities allows bilateral initiatives to be elevated to a broader regional level and to find synergy with other countries of the Turkic world. OTS summits, including those held in 2025, have demonstrated participants' commitment to giving practical substance to cooperation from economy and transport to culture and digital development.

For Uzbekistan and Türkiye, this creates opportunities for advancing joint projects, harmonizing approaches to the regional agenda, and strengthening their positions in a broader geopolitical space.

Uzbek-Turkish cooperation carries significant regional and international dimensions. During a meeting in the "4+4" format in January 2026, the parties discussed regional and international issues, including the situations in Afghanistan, Gaza, Ukraine, and Syria. This demonstrates the two states' intention to coordinate their positions on key items of the international agenda.

Against the backdrop of strengthening political understanding and institutional consolidation of Uzbek-Turkish partnership, the economic component of bilateral relations acquires particular importance, becoming a key driver for their further development.

Trade and economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and Türkiye has demonstrated consistent progress in recent years. The target of raising bilateral trade turnover to USD 5 billion in the medium term and to USD 10 billion in the longer term remains relevant and reflects the potential of bilateral ties. Trade volume in 2025 exceeded USD 3 billion, indicating significant progress compared to figures from eight years prior.

Particularly noteworthy is the structure of economic interaction. The relationship involves not only trade but also the formation of a stable investment presence. By the end of 2025, more than 2,100 enterprises with Turkish capital participation were operating in the country a testament to the establishment of a sustainable Turkish business ecosystem in Uzbekistan and one of the highest figures among Uzbekistan's foreign partners. The dynamics of direct investment from Türkiye clearly confirm the progressive strengthening of this area of cooperation: USD 2.2 billion was invested in Uzbekistan in 2024, and USD 2.9 billion during January–October 2025.

The parties are conducting systematic work to expand economic cooperation. In particular, during the 4th meeting of the Joint Strategic Planning Group held on January 21, 2026, progress was noted in implementing the Action Plan of the 8th meeting of the Joint Economic Commission (JEC). The key role of the JEC as an effective mechanism for developing practical trade and economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and Türkiye was emphasized.

For Uzbekistan, cooperation with Türkiye is valuable in that Turkish businesses bring not only capital but also managerial expertise, technologies, and production culture. For Türkiye, the Uzbek market is attractive as a dynamically developing economy with a population exceeding 38 million and growing domestic demand. In this sense, interaction increasingly takes on the character of mutual complementarity.

One of the notable trends of 2025 was the development of transport connectivity between the two countries, primarily in the aviation sector. The number of weekly flights reached 97, with routes expanding to 8 destinations. The broadening of geography and frequency of direct flights between Tashkent, Samarkand, Namangan, Andijan, Ankara, Istanbul, and Izmir promotes growth in business mobility, tourist flows, and humanitarian contacts. The launch of new routes by both national and private carriers became an important practical step toward further rapprochement.

The increase in flight numbers offers not only passenger convenience but also broader economic effects. It facilitates contacts between entrepreneurs, simplifies participation in exhibitions and negotiations, and makes accompanying joint projects more accessible. Prospectively, this also creates prerequisites for developing air cargo transportation, which could further strengthen trade and economic ties.

Energy cooperation also demonstrates positive dynamics. Turkish companies are actively participating in modernizing Uzbekistan's energy infrastructure, including projects for developing renewable energy sources.

Particular emphasis must be placed on the special role of cultural and humanitarian interaction in developing bilateral relations. Common historical, cultural, and linguistic roots create a favorable foundation for expanding cooperation in education, science, culture, and tourism. Branches of leading Turkish universities operate in Uzbekistan, joint educational programs are implemented, and student and faculty exchanges take place.

Tourist exchange between the two countries shows sustained growth. By the end of 2025, Türkiye entered the top five countries by number of tourists visiting Uzbekistan. In turn, Türkiye remains one of the most popular tourist destinations for Uzbek citizens. Development of tourism ties contributes to strengthening intercultural dialogue and people-to-people diplomacy.

These figures reflect not only the attractiveness of the Turkish tourism market but also the general expansion of population mobility. In the long term, it is precisely cultural and humanitarian ties that form the solid social foundation of bilateral partnership.

Analysis of 2025 dynamics allows identification of several directions that could become key to further deepening Uzbek-Turkish partnership:

First, development of industrial cooperation. The existing network of joint enterprises could become the basis for more complex projects oriented not only toward the domestic market but also toward exports to third countries. Such an approach corresponds to the strategic objectives of both economies.

Second, transport, logistics, and infrastructure. Expansion of air connectivity is an important step, but the potential for cooperation in this sphere is significantly broader and includes development of multimodal transportation, warehousing infrastructure, and digital trade solutions.

Third, services and human capital. Türkiye possesses considerable expertise in tourism, medicine, construction, and education. For Uzbekistan, interaction in these areas opens opportunities not only for adopting experience but also for jointly entering regional markets.

Uzbek-Turkish relations are developing on a positive and constructive basis, confirming the maturity and stability of bilateral interaction. The parties demonstrate readiness for dialogue, pragmatism, and a commitment to considering mutual interests. The growing number of joint enterprises, expanding transport links, increasing tourist flows, and stable political dialogue form a solid foundation for further development of cooperation.

Alisher Kadirov,

Head of Department of the Institute of Strategic and Regional Studies under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan