Cultural ties between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are among the key factors bringing the two countries closer together. This cooperation continues to strengthen the historical, spiritual, and cultural affinity between the two peoples. In recent years, collaboration in the cultural sphere has entered a new phase and become more active through a growing number of festivals, concerts, film events, and theatre tours.

At the same time, the sincere and warm relationship between the leaders of the two states further reinforces this cooperation. Mutual visits by the heads of state, their joint participation in cultural events, and initiatives aimed at supporting culture and the arts deepen friendship and mutual respect between the two nations and give fresh momentum to cultural cooperation.

The legal foundation for cooperation in the cultural sector is the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan on deepening cooperation in the fields of culture, science, education, tourism, and sport, signed on 16 January 1994, as well as the Cultural Cooperation Programme for 2024–2026 adopted by the two countries’ ministries of culture. These documents have created a solid legal framework for developing cultural ties and implementing joint projects.

Today, cultural cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan is expanding across multiple areas. Cultural forums, festivals, joint concert programmes, theatre tours, and film days are held on a regular basis. Over the past four years, the Minister of Culture of Uzbekistan and his deputies have visited Tajikistan 11 times, while the Minister of Culture of Tajikistan and his deputies have made 8 visits to Uzbekistan. This clearly demonstrates the steady development of cultural relations between the two states.

A number of major cultural events have also been organised within the partnership. “Days of Uzbek Culture” have been held repeatedly in Dushanbe, while “Days of Tajik Culture” have taken place in Tashkent. In addition, concert programmes titled “Friendship Evening” were staged in both countries, with the participation of the two nations’ leaders.

Representatives of Tajikistan also take an active part in international festivals held in Uzbekistan. In particular, Tajikistan’s “Lola” dance ensemble won an award at the International Dance Festival “Lazgi,” while a soloist of the Tajik National Conservatory achieved a high result at the International Maqom Art Forum. This reflects the cultural harmony between the two peoples and the tangible outcomes of cooperation.

Joint initiatives are also being implemented in the film industry. Specifically, the Cinematography Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan’s state institution “Tojikfilm” signed a memorandum to produce the feature film “Starry Sky: Jami and Navoi.” The film has been produced, and editing work is currently under way. Furthermore, in 2024 Tajikistan hosted the “Days of Uzbek Cinema,” and in 2025 Tashkent hosted the “Days of Tajik Cinema.”

One of the major cultural events of 2025 was the celebration of Navruz in the city of Khujand (Tajikistan). The leaders of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan took part, and a joint concert featuring artists from all three countries was organised. In addition, Uzbek theatre companies toured in Dushanbe, while Tajik performers took part in international music festivals held in Tashkent.

The Minister of Culture of Tajikistan also participated in the first meeting of Central Asian Ministers of Culture, where issues related to further strengthening regional cultural cooperation were discussed.

Looking ahead, a number of new initiatives are planned to broaden cultural cooperation. These include holding the “Days of Tajik Culture and Cinema” in Uzbekistan, organising the “Friendship Evening” concert programme, arranging theatre tours, and hosting the three-generation gathering “Navro‘zi olam.” It is also planned to sign a new programme of cultural cooperation activities for 2026–2027.

In conclusion, cultural cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan continues to develop steadily, reinforcing friendship and mutual understanding between the two peoples.

Today, as global climate changes are observed, the population is growing, and industrial sectors are rapidly developing, the value of water resources is increasing not only in the Central Asian region but also worldwide.

According to the data, over the past 30 years, the air temperature in our region has increased by one and a half degrees, as a result of which about a third of the centuries-old glaciers in the highlands have melted, and the volume of water in rivers and streams has decreased slightly.

If current climate trends continue, in the next twenty years, the flow of the two large rivers, Amu Darya and Syr Darya, may decrease by 15%. This would result in a 25 percent reduction in per capita water availability and agricultural crop yields.

These are not just numbers, but indicators related to the fate and well-being of the people living in the region.

According to scientists, by 2040 in some areas of Central Asia, the need for water resources will triple. Over time, economic damage could reach 11% of the region's gross domestic product. The United Nations (UN) warns that countries in the region are currently losing up to US$2 billion a year due to water scarcity and inefficient use. Therefore, if appropriate measures are not taken now, it is inevitable that the countries in our region will face dire consequences of water shortages.

Under the leadership of the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, special attention is being paid to the comprehensive development of the water management sector in our republic, the rational use of existing water resources, including the widespread introduction of digital and water-saving irrigation technologies, and remarkable results are being achieved in this regard.

In his speech at the 78th session of the UN General Assembly on September 19, 2023, the leader of Uzbekistan emphasized the issue of water resource shortages in Central Asia, supported the establishment of the position of the UN Secretary General's Special Representative on Water Resources, and proposed creating a platform for water-saving technologies in Central Asia. In the process of using the "United Nations-Water Resources" mechanism, he emphasized his support for attracting and implementing the most advanced technologies.

This means that Uzbekistan will take the initiative in creating a platform for water-saving technologies in Central Asia, while also seeking to involve the international community in the process.

For more than 30 years since its establishment, the International Fund for Saving the Aral has become the most important platform for regional cooperation in the fields of water management and ecology. In the face of new risks and threats arising because of global climate change, the role and importance of the fund are increasing.

On September 15, 2023, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev put forward the initiative to develop and implement new, agreed-upon decisions for the long-term perspective within the framework of this structure at the meeting of the Council of Heads of the Founding States of the International Fund for Saving the Aral held in Dushanbe. Reflecting the spirit of today, he emphasized the need to further improve the fund's legal framework and modernize its institutional mechanisms.

It should be noted that in the country’s domestic policy over the past seven years, at the initiative of the President, large-scale reforms in the water sector have been implemented. To manage state policy in the field of water management, a separate Ministry of Water Resources was created and the Concept for the development of the industry for the period until 2030 was approved.

As a logical continuation of these reforms and to solve systemic problems at the middle and upper levels of the water management system, on May 7, 2024, the President of Uzbekistan signed the decree "On Setting Priorities for the Introduction and Development of a Modern Management System in Water Resources." According to this document, the activity of the Ministry of Water Resources was divided into three parts, setting up a vertical management system. At the upper level is the management of the state water policy, the regulator; the middle level is engaged in the operation and construction of water management facilities and the introduction of business processes into the sector; and the lower-level handles supplying water directly to consumers.

In the middle stage, an agency for the exploitation of water resource facilities is being set up that operates as an independent legal entity. The agency includes the Ministry of Water Resources of the Republic of Karakalpakhstan and regional irrigation systems basin departments, main canals, water reservoirs, and pumping station utilization departments, as well as land-improvement expeditions.

The department for the implementation of water management projects participates as a customer in projects funded by the budget and foreign investments. The decree envisages a 22% increase in the salary of middle- and high-level employees working in the ministry system, starting on July 1, 2024, and a 60% increase starting in 2025. It should be mentioned that starting in January 2024, the salary of lower-level employees has been doubled, and several incentive mechanisms are being used.

As a result of the accurate calculation of available water resources, special attention is paid to the introduction of water-saving technologies, resulting in abundant and high-quality harvests from agricultural crops. Nevertheless, the prevention of water scarcity remains one of the most important directions for Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan is a country with a large water infrastructure in the Central Asian region; the total irrigated cropland exceeds 4.3 million hectares.

As one of the five priority directions of the "Uzbekistan-2030" strategy, which defines the goals of sustainable development of the country, the task of saving water resources and environmental protection is emphasized, placing great responsibility on water management employees.

To reduce water losses in irrigation networks, the year 2024 was announced as a "breakthrough year for concreting canals" in the water industry at the initiative of the President. For this purpose, 5,000 kilometers of irrigation networks, of which 1,500 kilometers are main and inter-farm and 3,500 kilometers are internal, have been concreted this year. To date, 525 kilometers of canals have been reconstructed, of which 355 kilometers have been concreted. The length of canals concreted by clusters and farms has exceeded 13,500 kilometers.

In recent years, the areas covered by water-saving technologies in the country have reached 1.3 million hectares. Of this, drip irrigation accounts for 478,000 hectares, sprinkler irrigation for 55,000 hectares, and discrete method irrigation for 29,000 hectares. Over 700,000 hectares have been leveled using laser leveling equipment.

Work on the introduction of water-saving technologies, which started in previous years, is being continued consistently. This year alone, it is planned to introduce cost-effective technologies on 500,000 hectares of land and to fully cover all irrigated farming areas in the country with such technologies by 2030.

All possibilities and resources are being used for this. Today, the number of local enterprises producing equipment and components for water-saving technologies in Uzbekistan has reached 55, with plans to increase this number in the future.

In recent years, 11,446 "Smart Water" devices, online water level monitoring meters in 1,704 pumping units, and online monitoring of seepage water levels have been installed in 6,746 reclamation monitoring wells. To manage water resources from one point without human intervention, the management processes of 65 large water management facilities were automated.

It is planned to save 8 billion cubic meters of water in 2024 through the concreting of channels, the introduction of water-saving technologies, the digitization of the industry, the implementation of "smart" devices, and effective water management.

It should be noted that 60 percent of the irrigated cropland in the country is supplied with water through pumps. There are more than 1,600 pumping stations in the Ministry's system, and due to their modernization, installation of modern energy-saving devices, and the introduction of public-private partnerships, electricity consumption has been reduced by 1.5 billion kWh in the last seven years.

In the coming years, the total cost of the water industry will be $6.0 trillion. Agreements for 463 public-private partnership projects worth significant amounts in soums were signed. In 2023, all water management facilities in five districts and 300 pumping stations across the republic will be transferred to the private sector.

This transfer increases work efficiency, saves up to 30% on electricity at pumping stations, and reduces salary deductions by 13%.

The "Irrigators' School" was launched in cooperation with the Ministry of Water Resources, the "Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers," the National Research University, and "Agrobank." Highly qualified specialists from abroad are organizing one-week-long free training courses for designers, contractors, managers of farms, and cluster enterprises from all districts of the republic.

In short, life itself proves that the only solution to mitigate the water shortage in our region is to save water and use it wisely.

Press service of the Ministry of Water Resources
of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The President of Uzbekistan has signed the Resolution “On measures to introduce a system of continuous improvement of knowledge of the population and civil servants in the fight against corruption”.

The legal and institutional framework for preventing and combating corruption has been improved in Uzbekistan in recent years. At the same time, there is a need to raise to a new level the system of developing an intolerant attitude towards corruption among the population and civil servants, immunizing them with ‘integrity vaccine’, as well as increasing knowledge and skills in the fight against corruption based on the requirements of the time.

In this regard, the President of Uzbekistan has signed the Resolution “On measures to introduce a system of continuous improvement of knowledge of the population and civil servants in the fight against corruption”.

The Resolution will introduce a system of continuous improvement of knowledge of the population and civil servants in combating corruption.

For this purpose, from January 1, 2025, the Virtual Anti-Corruption Academy electronic platform (Virtual Academy) will be launched.

The Anti-Corruption Agency and the Law Enforcement Academy are in charge in organization and conduct of educational activities at the Virtual Academy. The Agency forms a contingent of civil servants who are subject to training, in agreement with the Academy, approves the annual training schedule, and monitors the quality organization of the educational process. The Agency submits annually information on the activities of the Virtual Academy to the National Anti-Corruption Council.

The key is that any citizen will have the opportunity to voluntarily study at the Academy’s basic courses. In particular, educational programs of various formats will be developed for preschool and school children, students, entrepreneurs, and representatives of nongovernmental organizations, taking into account their age, level of development and field of activity.

Increasing knowledge and skills in combating corruption at the Academy is mandatory for all civil servants.

This, undoubtedly, is of great importance in increasing the legal consciousness and culture of the population and civil servants, creating legal immunity from corruption in society, and cultivating the integrity values in the younger generation.

Training at the Virtual Academy in basic courses is organized free of charge for all users, and advanced training in special courses is fee-based.

The Agency formulates recommended annual research topics in the field of anti-corruption for higher education institutions and research organizations. All higher education and research organizations will annually submit to the Agency the results of research they conducted in the area. The Academy will maintain an electronic database on achievements, domestic and foreign experience, scientific, methodological and practical developments and research work.

Based on the Resolution, a Road Map is approved to ensure the effective functioning and strengthening of the material and technical base of the Virtual Anti-Corruption Academy electronic platform.

According to it, the Virtual Anti-Corruption Academy electronic platform and its mobile app will be launched by January 1, 2025. Special programs and content organized in the Virtual Academy for pre-school and school children, and students will be developed by October 1, 2024.

As part of the Global Resource for Anti-Corruption Education and Youth Empowerment (GRACE) Initiative, measures will be taken to create high-quality animated films, video and audio materials intended for students.

The launch of the Virtual Academy will serve to accelerate the formation of an intolerant attitude towards corruption in society, as well as the introduction of a system of continuous improvement of the knowledge and skills of the population and civil servants in the fight against corruption.

Dunyo IA

According to estimates by the Center for Economic Research and Reforms (CERR), there is potential to increase mutual trade between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan by 30–40%. Additional opportunities for expanding economic cooperation are primarily linked to the development of industrial cooperation between the two countries.

Economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan has demonstrated steady positive dynamics; however, the potential of bilateral relations remains only partially realized. This was stated today by Khurshed Asadov, Deputy Director of the Center for Economic Research and Reforms (CERR), during the international scientific and practical conference “Uzbekistan – Tajikistan: New Prospects for Alliance and Regional Cooperation”, held in Tashkent.

According to the expert, relations between the two countries have reached a qualitatively new level in recent years. Cooperation, reinforced by agreements on strategic partnership and allied relations, has created an institutional foundation for the active development of economic ties.

According to CERR estimates, mutual trade between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan increased 3.8 times during 2017–2025, rising from $238 mln to $912 mln. During the same period, Uzbekistan’s exports grew 3.7 times, while imports from Tajikistan increased more than fourfold.

Today, Tajikistan ranks among Uzbekistan’s key regional partners, occupying ninth place among the countries importing Uzbek products.

At the same time, current indicators reflect only part of the possible potential of economic interaction. According to CERR estimates, mutual trade could increase by an additional 30–40% solely through the substitution of Tajikistan’s imports from third countries with products manufactured by Uzbek producers.

The expert emphasized that geographical proximity, a shared border, and well-developed transport connections create favorable conditions for deepening trade relations. In particular, significant prospects remain for expanding Uzbekistan’s industrial exports, including automobiles, household appliances, textile products, and chemical goods.

At the same time, considerable potential also exists in the sphere of industrial cooperation. According to the expert, one of the most promising cooperation models could involve the establishment of joint processing facilities in border regions, particularly focused on the processing of agricultural raw materials and the development of agrologistics centers.

Asadov also noted that further development of transport infrastructure and the expansion of transit opportunities in Central Asia could serve as an additional driver of economic integration.

As emphasized by the Deputy Director of CERR, the current level of allied relations between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan creates the foundation for transitioning to a deeper model of economic cooperation, focused on joint investments, industrial cooperation, and the development of regional infrastructure, which could become an important factor in strengthening economic connectivity and promoting the development of Central Asia.

For reference: The international scientific and practical conference “Uzbekistan – Tajikistan: New Prospects for Alliance and Regional Cooperation” was organized by the International Institute for Central Asia (IICA). The event brought together representatives of government institutions, the diplomatic corps, and expert and academic communities from both countries. Participants discussed the current state and prospects for developing trade-economic, investment, and humanitarian cooperation between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

CERR Public Relations Sector

Experts often use the Latin phrase “si vis pacem, para bellum”, which translates as “if you want peace, prepare for war”. They emphasis that only force can guarantee peace.

The processes observed in Central Asia in recent years suggest the opposite. Against the backdrop of geopolitical turbulence, countries in the region regularly pursue policies based primarily on the principles of dialogue and good neighborliness.

In a short period of time, the face of the region has changed dramatically, common points of growth are forming, and mutual trust is becoming an important condition for stability. Common triggers for development are being identified: the formation of a common economic space, active attraction of investment, and the strengthening of cultural and humanitarian ties. A spirit of unity and solidarity has formed in the region.

As Uzbekistan's leader Shavkat Mirziyoyev noted at the 80th session of the UN General Assembly, “Today, Central Asia is different - it is united and strong, open to dialogue and full-scale partnership”.

The political transformation of the region is underpinned by steady economic growth, demonstrating the region's growing power. In particular, over the last 10  years, Central Asia's GDP has grown by more than 6% annually — twice as fast as the global average.

Due to political will and joint efforts of the leaders of the states, significant results have been achieved in resolving border issues. An important milestone on this path was the trilateral meeting of the presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, held on 31 March 2025 in Khujand.

As a result, an agreement was signed on the junction point of the state borders of the three countries, which is clear evidence that the governments of our states place peace and harmony above all else.

All this confirms the idea that peace can only be achieved through mutual understanding, support and cooperation, which are the basis of friendly relations. We are guided by the principle: “If you want peace, be friends with your neighbors” This approach reflects the essence of the integration processes taking place in the region and certainly deserves the attention of the international community as a “exemplary model” for resolving even the most complex conflicts of our time.

How has humanity understood the world over the centuries?

Throughout human history, peace has been regarded as one of the highest spiritual and social values. Even in ancient times, thinkers in Ancient Greece sought to understand the phenomenon of Eirene – a state of harmony, the cessation of hostility and stable order in society.

In Eastern philosophical thought, the concept of peace also occupied a special place. It was understood, first and foremost, as the inner harmony of a person with themselves and the surrounding world, as a path to spiritual balance and moral perfection.

The great thinkers of Central Asia continued to develop the idea of peace, giving it philosophical and humanistic content. Thus, Abu Nasr Farabi regarded peace and harmony as an indispensable condition for the existence of a “Virtuous City”, where justice, reason, and mutual understanding between people become the basis of social well-being. Alisher Navoi, in his poetic works, presented peace as the highest form of spiritual and moral perfection of man, the basis of creation and mutual respect between peoples.

Thus, over the centuries, the idea of peace has evolved from an understanding of it as the absence of war to an awareness of spiritual and moral harmony between people and nations.

Why was Fergana chosen as the venue for the Forum?

The choice of Fergana as the venue for the forum is no coincidence.

The Fergana Valley is a unique geographical area where peoples speaking different languages and practicing different religions have coexisted peacefully for centuries. The Great Silk Road passed through the valley, and its inhabitants were engaged in crafts, trade and science, always striving for mutual understanding and dialogue. Conflict is a foreign concept to the region.

Today, the Fergana Valley unites the territories of three independent states, whose relations are based on the principles of good neighborliness, mutual respect, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The Fergana Valley is the most populous region in Central Asia. According to data, the Andijan, Namangan and Fergana regions of Uzbekistan alone are home to about 11 million people, which is almost a third of the country's population. If we take into account the population of the territories of neighboring states that are geographically part of the region, the total figure is about 17 million.

With this in mind, the countries of Central Asia are striving to deepen regional integration, viewing it as an important condition for sustainable development. Strengthening mutual trust and partnership is becoming one of the key areas of their foreign policy. To discuss specific steps and exchange experiences, platforms are needed that promote open dialogue and coordination of positions.

One such platform will be the Fergana Peace Forum, which will be held on 15–16 October at Fergana State University. It will be attended by representatives of government agencies and business circles of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, experts from scientific, analytical and research centers, as well as delegates from the CIS, SCO, OSCE, UNDP, EU and other international organizations.

In addition, the Fergana Valley is a multinational region where representatives of all peoples and ethnic groups live in peace and harmony.

In this regard, the attention that the government pays to strengthening interethnic friendship and creating conditions for all citizens to receive education in their native language and study their national culture is of great importance.

Today, there are more than 250 schools in the Fergana, Namangan and Andijan regions where instruction is conducted in Kyrgyz, Russian and Tajik.

It is important to emphasize the important role of regional branches of national cultural centers, which are involved in ensuring inter-ethnic harmony, developing intercultural dialogue and tolerance, and strengthening good-neighborly relations with neighboring states.

Various activities are carried out in this area by 17 national cultural centers (8 in Fergana, 5 in Andijan and 4 in Namangan regions), including Russian, Slavic, Korean, Jewish, German, Tatar, Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Tajik and Turkish.

Special mention should be made of the activities of public associations, foundations and NGOs implementing socially significant projects, both with funding from domestic donors and with the support of international organizations and foreign partners such as the World Bank, UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund, the UN Women, the European Union, the International Organization for Migration, Saferworld, DVV International, Fair and Sustainable Development Solutions, DIA International and others.

The implementation of such projects contributes to ensuring access to social protection, developing entrepreneurial skills, increasing the participation of women and young people in public affairs, and strengthening mutual understanding and friendship between residents of border areas.

Overall, the first Fergana Peace Forum opens a new page in the development of good neighborly relations and partnership between the countries of the region.

In this case, the choice of the Fergana Valley as the venue reflects its historical role as a space for mutual understanding and harmony. Undoubtedly, this forum will provide an additional stimulus for further strengthening stability and expanding cooperation in Central Asia.

Abror Yusupov,

PhD in Political Science,

Associate Professor,

Deputy Director of the

Center for Analysis of Democratic Processes

Despite its limited access to the world's major ports, Uzbekistan can fully develop its transportation and logistics industry through the formation of land transport corridors, developing them throughout the Eurasian region. Being located in the center of the crossroads of trade routes during the Great Silk Road, Uzbekistan has a unique opportunity to become an important provider of logistics of cargo flows between China and Southern Europe, on the one hand, and the Indian Peninsula and CIS, Northern Europe, on the other hand.
Landlocked countries account for less than 1% of world exports. Moreover, the share of Central Asian countries in the global export of transport services is very small and is represented in the following proportions: Uzbekistan, which has access to the sea only through two countries – 0.1%, Kazakhstan – 0.3%, Tajikistan – 0.007%, Kyrgyzstan – 0.03%.
However, the transport complex of Uzbekistan maintains a dominant position in foreign trade in services and is one of the main sources of foreign currency inflow into the country. Transport services in the republic form 43% of the total volume of the country's service exports and 65% of the balance of foreign trade in services. Uzbekistan's transport service exports in 2022 amounted to $2.2 billion, and the positive balance of foreign trade in transport services amounted to $1.7 billion.


Figure 1. Uzbekistan’s share in global exports of transport services in 2022, %


Calculated according to UNCTAD and Statistics Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan
One of the main problems of Uzbekistan's international freight transport is the underutilization of its export and transit potential, which reduces revenues from the export of transport and logistics services. For example, when comparing actual exports in tons, Uzbekistan is behind Russia by 20 times, Turkey by 10 times, and Kazakhstan by 9 times.
In 2023, the volume of interstate cargo transportation in the Republic of Uzbekistan amounted to 62 million tons, which is 16% higher than in 2022. The largest share in the volume of export-import cargo transportation of the republic falls on Kazakhstan (30%), to a lesser extent on Russia (26%), China (10%), and Afghanistan (4%). Rail transport accounts for the largest share (76%) of Uzbekistan's international cargo transportation (export, import, and transit). The export of transport services includes the transit of goods through the territory of Uzbekistan with a total share in the export of railway services of up to 45%.
The unrealized transit crossroads of Eurasia
One of the main global logistics trends is trade between China and the EU. According to the ERAI review, in 2023, the trade turnover between them amounted to 738 million euros, and according to EUROSTAT exceeded 104 million tons. In the current realities, rail transportation between Europe and China is carried out along the Eurasian route through the territories of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus; Mongolia and Russia (Naushki border crossing), as well as along the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route – TITR (Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Black Sea).
Part of the cargo flows that previously passed through the northern corridor has been redirected to TITR. However, the Eurasian route continues to occupy a leading position. In 2023, a total of 674 thousand TEU passed along this route, which is 1.1% less than in 2022 (681 thousand TEU), but at the same time, in the first half of 2024, the volume of container traffic by China-Europe trains along TITR increased by 12.8% with a volume of 196.6 thousand TEU.
As can be seen, Uzbekistan does not fit into the list of major transit countries between China and the EU in the "Eurasian" and "Trans-Caspian" directions and claims only a part of the target markets mainly in direction along the Southern Corridor through Turkmenistan, Iran, and Turkey.
So, a limited number of international transport corridors pass through the territory of Uzbekistan. The main countries forming the transit of Uzbekistan are neighboring Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan, as well as Russia, which is considered an important trading partner for the Central Asian countries. The transport isolation of the region, undiversified transport routes, and limited export deliveries mainly in the northern direction lead to a loss of profit due to the sale of domestic goods mainly to neighboring countries at a fairly low cost.
Transit Priorities
To sell domestic products at competitive world prices, Uzbekistan needs to develop additional export trade routes to other countries, such as China, the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and others. This requires competitive and efficient transport and transit corridors that allow for increasing the volume of transit cargo through the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Therefore, the priority directions identified by 2030 for the development of international transport corridors and bringing the volume of transit traffic through the territory of the republic to 16 million tons include the task of increasing revenues from the export of transport services. The key task in this case is to increase the volume of multimodal cargo transportation in the directions of China – Kyrgyzstan – Uzbekistan (Kashgar–Irkeshtam–Osh–Andijan–Tashkent) and Uzbekistan – Afghanistan – Pakistan (Termez – Hairatan – Logar – Karachi).
China - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan. The volume of cargo transportation of the PRC with such countries as Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan in 2023 amounted to almost 50 million tons, with the main volume of cargo transportation carried out by sea transport. Studies have shown that it is possible to attract part of the cargo to the "China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan" route, in the amount of about 10 million tons, and with the stable organization of cargo transportation along the route, the volume of cargo transportation by 2040 may increase by 4 times.
Uzbekistan – Afghanistan – Pakistan. The geographical proximity to Afghanistan, and further south to Pakistan and India, gives Uzbekistan the opportunity to unlock its existing potential and provide cargo transportation services in export, import, and transit traffic in the direction of South Asian countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India), without competing for existing transport and trade corridors. Therefore, Uzbekistan is extremely interested in trade and transport cooperation with Afghanistan and in the implementation of the Trans-Afghan Railway project "Uzbekistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan." This road will allow establishing a direct rail link between Uzbekistan and Pakistan through the territory of Afghanistan with further access to the ports of the Indian Ocean.
The importance and effectiveness of the "Uzbekistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan" (UAP) project can be significantly increased if it is implemented in parallel with the project of building the "Uzbekistan – Kyrgyzstan – China" (CKU) railway line, which is the shortest way to connect China with Pakistan and India and will allow a multiple increase in the volume of traffic from/to China to the countries of Central and South Asia.
In this regard, within the framework of two strategic projects UAP and CKU, the ongoing activities on formation of new uninterrupted perspective multimodal transport corridors in the region are relevant. In November 2023 in Tashkent within the framework of the ECO Ministerial Meeting the Protocol of the multilateral meeting on establishment of the international multimodal route between Asia-Europe through “Uzbekistan-Turkmenistan-Iran-Türkiye”, was signed.

In November 2023, a Memorandum on mutual Understanding on the creation and development of international transport corridor “Belarus-Russia-Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan” with access to the ports of the Indian Ocean was signed in Tashkent. In April of this year, Termez hosted meetings of transportation agencies and railway administrations of the countries-participants of this corridor, which resulted in the adoption of the Road Map, including the main activities for further development of the corridor.
It should be noted that the abovementioned documents are open for other interested countries to join the transport corridors.
Multifaceted Transport Policy
It should be noted that the policy of forming international transport corridors in Uzbekistan is somewhat different from the policies of several other countries and is aimed at attracting as many countries as possible to the active development of a branched network of transport corridors that ensure efficient foreign trade cargo transportation. As emphasized by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, at the SCO Summit in Astana on July 4 of this year, "the multivariance of transport corridors is the most important condition for the sustainable development of our entire region."
However, the effective functioning of various corridor options is hindered by the lack of unified Cargo Transportation Rules, a unified Transport Document Standard that would be used on all types of transport, as well as the absence of digital platforms for providing customers with freight transportation services remotely from anywhere in the world. All this slows down the transport integration of Asian countries in the context of developing routes between Central and South Asia, and China, on the one hand, and the integration of Asian countries with European communications on the other.
To solve the problems of different legal and technical standards in freight transportation between European and Asian countries, which hinder the full-fledged transportation of goods without delays, it makes sense to develop new services for logistics and cargo transportation market participants, while applying modern technologies.
These include the production of universal wagons with variable gauge axle systems at the country's industrial facilities, with their further use both in Uzbekistan and southern countries, China and others, as well as the development of a digital platform for online registration of cargo transportation and transportation documents, which will lead to additional revenues from the export of transport services.
In this regard, the initiative of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, announced in June at the OTS Summit on the formation of a Council of Railway Administrations within the framework of the organization and the placement of its directorate in Tashkent, is relevant. The Council could act as a regulator for the integration of the railways of China, the Asia-Pacific region, South and Southeast Asia with the countries of Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the EU.
To assess the prospects for the coordinated development of transport corridors, a forecast of foreign trade volume was made based on an analysis of panel data using a combined model of two directions of international cargo transportation: China-EU and China-CA. The results of this forecast showed that by 2050, the volume of trade between China and the EU will increase by 4.5 times compared to 2023, and between China and CA - by 5 times. At the same time, the total volume of trade between South Asian countries (India and Pakistan) with trading partners (EU, Russia, China, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) will increase by 3.8 times compared to 2023.

In the near future, a clearly defined strategy for integrating Central Asian countries into the international transport network can help solve the region's problems and lead to an increase in the export of transport and logistics services and attract cargo flow, and later passenger flow, to the territory of the Asia-Pacific region, South and Central Asia. As the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev said: "We are open to cooperation and ready to become a reliable partner in creating new transport corridors and integration projects."

Dildora Ibragimova,
Center for the Study of Transport and Logistics Development Problems under the Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Uzbekistan

In the modern system of international relations, stable and long-term cooperation between states is based, above all, on political will and trust at the highest level. Relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Turkey have consistently developed based on an open, sincere, and trusting dialogue established between the heads of state. This political trust creates a solid foundation for public diplomacy, including deepening fraternal ties between the cities.

In recent years, high-level meetings, regular political dialogue, and strategic agreements between the presidents of Uzbekistan and Turkey have elevated relations between the two countries to the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership. Mutual trust and political support from the heads of state have resulted in concrete and practical results in trade, economic, investment, cultural, humanitarian, and educational spheres.

From this perspective, public diplomacy is becoming an important component of Uzbek-Turkish relations. It strengthens official interstate agreements at the public level and deepens trust and mutual understanding between peoples. Particularly between two fraternal nations with shared historical roots, a common language, and spiritual values, public diplomacy is a natural and indispensable process.

In this context, the Uzbekistan-Turkey Friendship Society functions as an important institutional platform for the development of public diplomacy. Cultural events, scientific and educational conferences, youth and women’s initiatives organized by the society contribute to strengthening mutual trust and friendship between the two peoples. This activity promotes public support for priority areas established at the level of heads of state.

At the same time, fraternal relations between cities are one of the most effective and practical forms of public diplomacy. Fraternal relations established between the cities of Uzbekistan and Turkey strengthen political trust at the local level and create a favorable environment for economic and cultural cooperation. The Brother Cities Alliance and the Union of Municipalities of the Turkic World participate in this process as important international structures coordinating and systematically developing relations between cities. 

Brother cities cooperation, which has historical significance in Uzbek-Turkish relations, includes ties between the cities as Bukhara – Izmir, Bukhara – Malatya, Samarkand – Sakarya, Tashkent – Ankara, and Khiva – Bolu. Cultural and humanitarian projects, educational and tourism programs, as well as investment initiatives implemented within the framework of this cooperation serve to achieve the strategic goals set by the leaders of the two countries at the local level.

It should be noted that cooperation between cities has not only cultural or economic significance but also an important political content. Trust and cooperation established at the local level ensure the stability and continuity of interstate relations. This demonstrates the significant role of public diplomacy in strengthening the strategic partnership between Uzbekistan and Turkey.

In conclusion, public diplomacy in Uzbek-Turkish relations is an important factor that builds on, complements, and strengthens the trusting political dialogue between the heads of state. Within the framework of the priority areas identified by the heads of state, work carried out at the city level in cooperation with the Brother Cities Alliance and the Union of Municipalities of the Turkic World will contribute to the further strengthening of friendship, trust, and cooperation between the two fraternal peoples.

Zokir Abidov,

Chairman of the Brother Cities Alliance 

Uzbekistan — is a country of irreversible, rapid reforms. One of the priorities of the development strategy of the New Uzbekistan is the policy of achieving gender equality in the country.

Under the "Uzbekistan-2030" development strategy, large-scale measures are being implemented to increase women's political, social and economic activity, protect mothers and children, promote gender equality and safeguard women's rights and interests.

Thanks to the political will of the leadership of Uzbekistan, the Gender Strategy of Uzbekistan until 2030 was developed, the laws “On guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men”, “On protection from oppression and violence” were adopted, as well as legislative norms on mandatory gender expertise of all regulations and introduction of gender audit. Thus, a mechanism has been introduced to study the state of the gender approach in all government organizations and to develop measures to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men by the Federation of Trade Unions as public control. Liability for domestic violence has been strengthened. Over the past 5 years, more than 40 Presidential decrees and Resolutions have been adopted aimed at ensuring gender equality. Meanwhile, legislation for women is being improved and opportunities are expanding. In 2023, the Electoral Code of Uzbekistan established provisions that the number of women when nominated from political parties to representative bodies of power should be at least 40% of the total number of nominated candidates for deputies and in the proportional election system, nominate at least two women out of each five candidates for parliament. Since 2019, a Gender Commission on increasing the role of women in society, gender equality and family has been created in the Senate. The Committee for Women and Family Affairs was newly created, more than 9 thousand positions were established, up to mahallas, specifically dealing with issues of women and family throughout the country and at all levels, rehabilitation centers began to operate to provide assistance to women victims of violence.

Systemic measures taken at the initiative of the head of state, President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, in order to reduce poverty, establish “women’s notebooks”, reduce unemployment among women and support women’s entrepreneurship, preferential loans for women have yielded tangible results throughout the country. A number of restrictions on women’s occupation and choice of professions were lifted. Advisory councils on gender issues were created in all ministries and departments. As a result, the number of women in parliament reached 33%, in business their number doubled and reached 25%, in political parties 44%, in higher education 40%. In 2023 alone, more than 13,3 billion soums of loans were allocated for the implementation of over 279 thousand women’s business projects, and about 300 billion soums of subsidies were provided to almost 57 thousand women. Based on the “Women's Notebooks” system, the problems of 994 thousand women were solved, the state allocated 1 trillion 234 million soums for these purposes.

As a result of studying the situation of women in mahallas, targeted assistance was provided to more than 690 thousand families in need of social protection.

In 2024, it is planned to provide 8 thousand women and girls included in the “Youth Notebook” with subsidies to start their own business and purchase equipment, and 10 thousand with preferential loans. It is planned to launch a “Business Marathon” project for 50 thousand young women with the participation of qualified specialists to provide practical assistance in setting up a business.

In the field of education, great attention is also paid to gender equality. The country has taken a number of effective measures to protect women and girls; a gender approach is being introduced into curricula and teaching methods, as well as in STEM education, especially in rural areas. Currently, more than half of the 1 million 300 thousand students, i.e. 653 thousand, are girls. In the master's program, the share of girls is 60% of master's students. The state encourages and fully pays for the contracts of women and girls studying for a master's degree from the state budget. In 2023-24 1,914 girls from needy families were accepted to study at universities using additional government grants. 181,500 girls received preferential educational loans. At the expense of local budgets, the contract amount of more than 2 thousand students from families in need of social protection, orphans or students deprived of parental care was covered for 14 billion soums.

Improving the opportunities and conditions for the education of women and girls in the country gave impetus to an increase in interest in mastering modern knowledge and professions, for example, within the framework of the educational project “One Million Programmers”, 47% were girls. Creating favorable conditions for women in education gives real results in unlocking their potential. Over the past seven years, more than 5 thousand women have been awarded the academic titles of Doctors of Philosophy and Doctors of Science. More than 14 thousand women are conducting their research at universities in Uzbekistan.

Achieving gender equality — is a global task on the agenda of universal international organizations such as the UN and other regional structures. Uzbekistan is actively developing international cooperation in this area. As a party to the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the 1995 Beijing Declaration of the Platform for Action, the country regularly submits national reports to the Committee and develops national action plans.

In recent years, great importance has been attached to cooperation in the field of gender equality with the countries of Central Asia. The Forums of Women Leaders of Central Asia and the Asian Women's Forum in 2024 were successfully held, where representatives of more than 40 countries and international organizations participated.

Lola Saidova, Doctor of Law, Professor,

Chief Researcher of the ISRS under the

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Contemporary relations between Uzbekistan and Belarus demonstrate a steady upward trajectory, based on the principles of mutual respect, trust and pragmatism. Despite their geographical distance, the two countries have succeeded in establishing an effective system of partnership built upon the complementarity of their economies, the similarity of their approaches to socio-economic development, and their shared interest in expanding mutually beneficial cooperation.

Since 2017, the dialogue between the two states has acquired a qualitatively new substance. Regular contacts at the highest and high levels, the work of the Intergovernmental Commission, as well as the holding of regional forums and business events, have made it possible to give bilateral cooperation a comprehensive and systematic character.

An important factor in the expansion of international ties has been the large-scale reforms carried out in Uzbekistan under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. Economic liberalisation, the improvement of the investment climate, the development of free economic zones and the policy of openness have significantly increased the country’s attractiveness and created additional opportunities for deepening bilateral partnership.

Today, amid the transformation of the global economy, the restructuring of logistics chains and the emergence of new centres of economic growth, this partnership is gaining particular relevance and strategic significance.

At the same time, a key factor in the sustainable development of Uzbek-Belarusian relations is the high level of political mutual understanding. The constructive mechanism of interaction established by the two sides enables them to effectively coordinate joint actions across a broad range of issues.

The strong dynamics of relations are evidenced by regular negotiations at the highest level: since 2017, more than eight meetings have been held. Such an intensive schedule of contacts has made it possible to promptly address emerging issues on the bilateral agenda and define long-term priorities.

A powerful impetus to cooperation was provided by the official visit of President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko to Uzbekistan in February 2024. Following the visit, a Joint Statement was adopted and a Roadmap was prepared for the implementation of the agreed decisions. Practically all subsequent steps — in trade, industrial cooperation and the humanitarian sphere — have been a direct result of these agreements.

In February 2026, Tashkent hosted Prime Minister of Belarus Alexander Turchin. During his talks with President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, a new agenda was outlined in preparation for upcoming interstate events at the highest level, and the readiness of both sides to consistently implement the planned projects was reaffirmed.

The practical elaboration of joint initiatives is carried out within the framework of the Intergovernmental Commission on Bilateral Cooperation. In May 2026, its 12th meeting was held under the co-chairmanship of Deputy Prime Ministers of Uzbekistan and Belarus Jamshid Khodjaev and Yuri Shuleiko.

The parties discussed preparations for the Partnership Roadmap for 2026–2030, as well as measures to further expand trade, economic and investment cooperation. Particular emphasis was placed on broadening the range of mutual supplies, intensifying industrial cooperation and establishing joint production facilities for high value-added goods. The priority areas identified include electrical engineering, pharmaceuticals, the chemical industry, agricultural machinery production, construction materials, textiles and ready-made garments.

Contacts between the foreign ministries deserve special attention. In 2025, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus Maxim Ryzhenkov visited Termez, where, together with his Uzbek counterpart Bakhtiyor Saidov, he discussed prospects for expanding trade routes through the free trade zone of the International Trade Centre Termez, as well as promoting routes through Afghanistan. This confirms that transit and logistics are assuming an increasingly important place on the bilateral agenda.

The treaty and legal framework of Uzbek-Belarusian relations is also being consistently expanded. To date, the two countries have concluded more than 126 interstate, intergovernmental and interdepartmental agreements regulating cooperation in various areas. This extensive body of agreements forms a reliable institutional basis for cooperation, enabling political decisions to be translated into practical implementation and ensuring continuity in key areas.

The trade and economic sphere demonstrate the highest growth rates. Over the past five years, mutual trade turnover has increased 2.7 times. Belarusian supplies to Uzbekistan have grown 2.5 times, while Uzbek exports to Belarus have increased almost fourfold. By the end of 2025, a 25 per cent rise in mutual trade was recorded, bringing its volume to USD 965 million. This brings the two sides close to the USD 1 billion threshold set by the heads of state as a strategic benchmark.

Moreover, the pace of growth is accelerating. In the first quarter of 2026 alone, trade turnover increased by almost 50 per cent year-on-year, reaching USD 259.7 million. Against this background, the parties have begun developing a joint programme to raise trade turnover to USD 2 billion by 2030. Today, Belarus ranks third among CIS countries in terms of trade turnover in Uzbekistan’s foreign trade, after only Russia and Kazakhstan.

The principal components of Uzbekistan’s exports to Belarus include textiles, fruit, metals and selected industrial products. Imports from Belarus consist primarily of meat and dairy products, timber, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, fuel, machinery, equipment and metal products.

An important step towards expanding trade and economic cooperation was the announcement in March 2026 of the establishment of the Uzbekistan Trade House in Minsk. The project envisages the creation of a permanent platform for promoting Uzbek products, showcasing the output of domestic manufacturers and strengthening business-to-business ties.

Importantly, bilateral interaction extends well beyond trade. Increasing significance is being attached to industrial cooperation aimed at establishing joint ventures, localising technologies and developing export-oriented production facilities.

As of early 2025, approximately 250 enterprises with Belarusian capital were registered in Uzbekistan, while around 87 joint Uzbek-Belarusian companies were operating in Belarus. The overall portfolio of joint projects exceeds USD 300 million, demonstrating that bilateral cooperation has evolved into a systematic and sustainable partnership rather than a series of isolated business initiatives.

The priority areas of industrial cooperation include mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, pharmaceuticals, the textile industry and food processing. Traditionally, agricultural machinery has remained the flagship area of cooperation, with Belarusian products—including tractors, combine harvesters and specialised agricultural equipment—holding strong positions in the Uzbek market. Today, however, the two countries are moving to a new stage by establishing assembly lines and manufacturing facilities within Uzbekistan.

In February 2026, prospects for further cooperation were thoroughly examined during a business dialogue held at the Mogilev Free Economic Zone, with the participation of diplomats, regional authorities and business representatives from both countries. The participants identified several priority sectors, including electrical engineering, the chemical industry, construction materials and textiles, while also emphasising the importance of expanding the presence of Belarusian companies in the Uzbek market through investment mechanisms rather than relying solely on exports.

It should be noted that a solid practical foundation for deeper cooperation has already been established. A joint production facility manufacturing BELARUS tractors operates in the Tashkent Region; in partnership with EnergoKomplekt, the Enco Group high-voltage cable manufacturing plant has been launched; and the Belarusian-Uzbek joint venture UzShoes has been successfully operating in the city of Karshi.

The two countries have also agreed to promote joint production of high value-added goods. This transition—from traditional trade to the joint creation of competitive industrial products—represents the most significant qualitative shift in bilateral economic relations.

One of the most promising areas of cooperation remains the agro-industrial sector. According to the results of 2025, agricultural products accounted for almost 25 per cent of Belarus’s total exports, while the agro-industrial sector generated around 7 per cent of the country's GDP. These figures highlight considerable potential for cooperation within the CIS market, based on the complementary nature of the two economies. Belarus possesses a highly developed dairy and meat industry, grain processing capacities and an advanced food industry, whereas Uzbekistan offers a rich agricultural resource base, a strong fruit- and grape-growing sector, and a large consumer market.

Against this backdrop, the cooperation agreement on food security and food industry development, signed in Tashkent in May 2026 between the relevant ministries of the two countries, represents a logical and important step forward. The agreement elevates bilateral cooperation in the agro-industrial sector to a fundamentally new level of systematic and predictable partnership, replacing ad hoc commercial transactions with long-term strategic collaboration. A clear indication of this progress is the substantial increase in bilateral trade in agricultural and food products, which reached USD 338.9 million in 2025, compared with USD 234.2 million the previous year.

From a long-term perspective, the establishment of joint agro-industrial enterprises in Uzbekistan for fruit and vegetable processing, dairy production, storage technologies and logistics represents an area of considerable strategic importance. Belarusian expertise in land reclamation and water management could also be effectively applied, particularly in the context of Uzbekistan’s large-scale programmes for the development of new irrigated agricultural land.

Another important indicator of bilateral cooperation is the volume of freight transportation. In 2025, cargo shipments exceeded 796.6 thousand tonnes, representing a 6 per cent increase compared with the previous year. At the same time, both countries continue to actively diversify transport routes, including through Central Asia and Afghanistan, thereby enhancing the reliability and resilience of supply chains.

Interregional cooperation is also developing dynamically. Direct partnership links between the regions and cities of Uzbekistan and Belarus complement the central-level political dialogue and serve as an important source of practical initiatives. It is at the regional level that concrete production chains, educational partnerships and cultural exchanges are being established.

The sustainability of this dimension of cooperation is evidenced by the growing intensity of contacts between the regions of the two countries. Since 2017, more than 40 visits by representatives of the regions of Uzbekistan and Belarus have taken place, reflecting the high level of engagement. Regional Forums have played a particularly important role in institutionalising bilateral relations, becoming a regular and effective platform for launching new joint initiatives. A notable example was the conclusion in 2025 of cooperation agreements between the cities of Navoi and Orsha, as well as Termez and Polotsk, giving these partnerships a practical and long-term orientation.

Overall, the accumulated potential of Uzbek-Belarusian cooperation indicates that bilateral partnership has entered a qualitatively new stage of development. Its progress is now determined not only by the positive dynamics of individual indicators, but also by the establishment of sustainable mechanisms of cooperation that ensure the long-term implementation of the strategic course pursued by both countries.

The political, institutional and economic foundations that have been established enable the two sides to pursue ambitious objectives aimed at deepening industrial cooperation, attracting investment, strengthening transport connectivity and implementing joint projects in high-technology and innovation-driven sectors. Taken together, these factors demonstrate that Uzbekistan and Belarus possess a substantial reserve of resilience and maintain significant potential for further progress in the interests of both nations.

Iroda Imamova

Leading Research Fellow

Institute for Strategic and Interregional Studies under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Throughout the year, the business climate remained in positive territory, with an annual average of 57 points, indicating an overall favorable business environment in Uzbekistan.

The Center for Economic Research and Reforms (CERR) presented the results of its 2025 business climate analysis, based on monthly nationwide surveys of entrepreneurs. Using the collected data, a composite Business Climate Indicator was constructed, reflecting assessments of current business conditions as well as expectations for the next three months.

Dynamics of the Composite Business Climate in Uzbekistan

According to the results of 2025, the annual average value of the Composite Business Climate Index in Uzbekistan amounted to 57 points on a scale from −100 to +100, which is 7% higher than in 2024. The growth was primarily driven by improved assessments of current conditions. The annual average value of the Current Business Conditions Index increased by 22% and reached 47 points.

At the same time, the Expectations Index declined slightly from 68 to 66 points, while remaining at a relatively high level. This reflects a certain degree of caution among enterprises regarding future prospects amid an overall improvement in perceptions of current conditions.

Over the year, the dynamics of the Composite Business Climate Index were uneven. The highest value was recorded in June at 63 points, while the lowest level was observed in January at 52 points. Fluctuations during the year reflected both seasonal factors and businesses’ adaptation to rapidly changing economic conditions.

By the end of the year, a high level of optimism among enterprises persisted. In December, the Business Climate Index stood at 58 points, increasing by 2 points compared to the end of 2024.

Sectoral and Regional Dynamics of the Business Climate Index

From a sectoral perspective, improvements in the business climate were recorded across most sectors of the economy in 2025. In the services sector, the index reached 58 points, representing an increase of 14.7%. In construction, the index stood at 57 points, up by 14.2%, while in industry it reached 54 points, increasing by 6.8%.

In agriculture, the index remained virtually unchanged at 56 points, indicating the persistence of previously established assessments of business conditions in this sector.

From a regional perspective, the annual average Business Climate Index increased compared to the previous year in 11 regions of the republic. In seven regions, the annual average value of the index reached 57 points.

The most pronounced improvement in business climate conditions was observed in Kashkadarya region, where the index increased by 27%, followed by Jizzakh region with a 23% increase and Khorezm region with a 17% increase. In the Republic of Karakalpakstan, growth amounted to 19%.

In Samarkand region, despite a slight decline in the index, the annual average business climate remained in positive territory at 51 points. In Tashkent region, the indicator remained unchanged at 44 points.

Business Expectations Regarding Price Dynamics and Demand

In terms of business expectations, inflationary and market assessments remained moderate in 2025. On average, 23% of companies expected price increases in the near term, which is 2 percentage points lower than in 2024.

During the year, the share of entrepreneurs expecting price increases fluctuated within the range of 18–27%, reaching a peak in April and the lowest levels in September and December. The highest price expectations were observed among enterprises in agriculture and construction, reflecting sector-specific cost structures as well as the impact of seasonal and weather-related factors.

At the same time, assessments of market conditions remained relatively strong. On average, 66% of entrepreneurs expected an increase in demand for goods and services, while 57% of companies planned to expand their workforce. Overall, the results indicate the persistence of positive expectations regarding business activity and employment, alongside more restrained assessments of price dynamics.

Assessments of Demand and Employment

The Employment Index in 2025 amounted to 43 points, corresponding to a 12% increase. The most significant growth was recorded in the services sector at 14%, construction at 17%, industry at 7%, and agriculture at 11%. Throughout the year, employment dynamics remained moderate, with sustained demand for labor.

The Demand Index also showed improvement. Its annual average value reached 48 points, representing an increase of 13%. The largest contribution came from the services sector, where the index increased by 19%, while in construction, industry, and agriculture the Demand Index rose by 6% in each sector. During the year, the index remained relatively stable, with stronger positive assessments in the second half of 2025.

Barriers to Entrepreneurial Activity

Over the course of the year, a gradual reduction in barriers to doing business was observed. According to the results, 60% of entrepreneurs reported that they did not face difficulties in conducting business, which is 6% higher than in 2024.

In industry, problems related to electricity supply decreased by 4%, high tax rates by 3%, and access to financing by 3%.

At the same time, in agriculture and construction, financing-related barriers declined significantly, by 7% and 5%, respectively.

Despite the overall reduction in complaints, financing remained the main obstacle cited by entrepreneurs in construction and industry, reported by 11% of respondents in each sector.

Overall, sectoral data indicate an increase in the share of entrepreneurs who do not face significant constraints, as well as a decline in the importance of financial and infrastructure barriers.

The Business Climate Change Indicator is constructed based on the methodology of the Ifo Institute (Germany). As part of the surveys, company managers assess current and expected changes in business activity based on developments in production, demand, prices, and other indicators.

CERR Sector for the Study of Competitiveness of Economic Sectors and Investment Activity
tel.: (78) 150 02 02 (441)

CERR Public Relations and Media Sector
tel.: (78) 150 02 02 (417)

Over the past decade, the socio-economic, cultural, humanitarian, scientific, and educational relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the countries of Central Asia have clearly demonstrated that the region's strategic partners have entered a fundamentally new stage of mutually beneficial cooperation.

Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the recent agreements and high-level meetings among the Presidents of the Central Asian states have provided a strong impetus to the development of educational transfer, scientific cooperation, joint innovation projects, and the modernization of systems for training highly qualified specialists.

It should be emphasized that geopolitical stability, economic prosperity, and sustainable development in Central Asia are directly dependent upon the quality of good-neighborly relations among the countries of the region. Since 2016, the incorporation of the principle of "Good Neighbourliness as a Foreign Policy Priority" into the foreign policy doctrine of the Republic of Uzbekistan has elevated cooperation with neighboring brotherly states to an entirely new strategic level.

For centuries, the peoples of Central Asia have been united by a common history, shared cultural heritage, religious traditions, and spiritual values. Today, in the era of globalization and the digital economy, these nations are advancing regional integration to a qualitatively new stage. The principal driving force behind this transformation is intellectual capital, embodied primarily in cooperation in the fields of higher education, science, and innovation.

Prior to 2016, relations among neighboring countries experienced a period of relative stagnation, with numerous long-standing issues remaining unresolved. However, thanks to the far-sighted foreign policy, effective diplomacy, and strategic leadership of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, historical barriers were overcome, opening a new chapter in regional cooperation. This breakthrough created a stable foundation for the significant expansion of educational, scientific, and cultural exchanges throughout Central Asia.

A compelling example of this transformation can be found in the rapidly developing partnership between Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. The declarations on strategic partnership, friendship, and good-neighborly relations, together with numerous intergovernmental agreements signed during official visits of the two countries' leaders, have established a comprehensive legal framework comprising more than 200 bilateral legal and regulatory instruments.

Whereas bilateral trade amounted to only USD 150–200 million in 2016, by 2025–2026 it had exceeded USD 1 billion, reflecting the remarkable intensification of economic cooperation. The establishment of the Uzbekistan–Kyrgyzstan Development Fund has enabled the financing of dozens of industrial, logistics, and agricultural projects. Assembly plants producing automobiles under Uzbek brands have been launched in Kyrgyzstan, while joint ventures in textile manufacturing and the production of construction materials have also been established.

Furthermore, the commencement of the active construction phase of the China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan Railway is expected to fundamentally reshape the transport and logistics architecture of the entire Central Asian region, creating new opportunities for regional connectivity and economic integration.

During the same period, cooperation between the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic underwent profound transformation. Since 2016, universities of the two countries have significantly expanded direct institutional cooperation, resulting in numerous bilateral academic initiatives.

Among the most significant achievements has been the establishment of the Forum of Rectors of Higher Education Institutions of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, which has evolved into one of the principal platforms for strengthening academic cooperation, promoting joint research, and expanding university partnerships between the two countries.

Over the past several years, Uzbekistan’s higher education system has evolved into one of the principal drivers of regional integration and is increasingly emerging as a leading educational and scientific hub of Central Asia.

Today, 3,020 students from the countries of Central Asia are enrolled in higher education institutions across Uzbekistan, reflecting the growing confidence of neighboring nations in the quality and international competitiveness of Uzbek higher education. This student community includes 1,554 citizens of Turkmenistan, 646 from Kazakhstan, 436 from Tajikistan, and 384 from Kyrgyzstan. Beyond acquiring professional knowledge and competencies, these students contribute to the formation of a common educational space through the exchange of academic, cultural, and intellectual experiences.

In order to provide practical support for regional integration, the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan has introduced a system of state-funded scholarships for citizens of Central Asian countries. Under this initiative, 20 fully funded scholarships are allocated annually to each neighboring state, enabling talented young people to pursue higher education in Uzbekistan.

This initiative has become one of the most effective instruments of educational diplomacy, strengthening mutual trust, expanding people-to-people contacts, and fostering long-term humanitarian cooperation throughout the region.

A notable example of deepening academic integration is the establishment of the branch campus of Mukhtar Auezov South Kazakhstan University in the city of Chirchiq. During the initial stage of its operation alone, the branch enrolled 350 students, demonstrating the growing demand for cross-border educational opportunities.

As a reciprocal step toward strengthening bilateral cooperation, the National Research University “Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers” established its branch at the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University in Almaty. The branch currently educates 16 students in the fields of transboundary water resources management and agricultural innovation, drawing upon Uzbekistan's scientific schools, educational methodologies, and technological expertise.

Language and cultural cooperation has also become an important dimension of regional integration. Centers of Uzbek language and culture have been restored and expanded at higher education institutions in Osh and Jalal-Abad, while departments of Kyrgyz language and literature have resumed and broadened their activities at universities in Tashkent and Andijan.

These initiatives not only promote linguistic and cultural exchange but also contribute to strengthening mutual understanding, preserving shared historical heritage, and educating younger generations in the spirit of friendship, tolerance, and good-neighborly relations.

The expansion of academic cooperation has demonstrated that universities today perform a role far beyond their traditional educational mission. They increasingly serve as platforms for scientific diplomacy, intercultural dialogue, and regional cooperation, making a substantial contribution to sustainable development and long-term stability across Central Asia.

The powerful momentum of educational integration that has emerged across Central Asia has gradually expanded beyond the region, reaching the South Caucasus and, in particular, the Republic of Azerbaijan. Contemporary Uzbek–Azerbaijani cooperation in higher education, science, and culture stands as a vivid example of the growing strategic partnership between the two fraternal nations.

At present, 44 new bilateral agreements and memoranda of cooperation between higher education institutions of Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan have been prepared for implementation, laying a solid foundation for the further expansion of academic and scientific collaboration.

Currently, 51 Azerbaijani students are pursuing higher education in Uzbekistan, while 31 Uzbek students are enrolled at leading universities in Baku and Ganja. Although these figures may appear modest, they reflect the emergence of sustainable mechanisms for academic exchange and increasing educational mobility between the two countries.

Academic mobility has become one of the defining features of bilateral cooperation. In 2024, five students from Tashkent State Pedagogical University completed a period of study at Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University and Baku Slavic University, gaining valuable exposure to Azerbaijan's educational system, teaching methodologies, and academic environment.

During the same year, 15 students representing Termez State University, universities in Tashkent, and higher education institutions specializing in arts and culture participated in scientific conferences and international academic forums held in Azerbaijan, thereby strengthening scholarly communication and expanding professional networks between young researchers.

Reciprocal academic exchanges have also intensified. Eleven Azerbaijani professors and scholars visited Uzbekistan, delivering lectures in philology, psychology, and management for students and academic staff of Uzbek universities. These visits have significantly contributed to strengthening scientific dialogue and promoting the exchange of academic expertise.

A particularly promising area of cooperation is the joint initiative between the Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology and the Baku Higher Oil School to develop innovative joint degree programmes in Petroleum Engineering and Chemical Engineering. The project is expected to combine the scientific and technological capacities of both countries while preparing highly qualified professionals capable of meeting the demands of modern industry and the global energy sector.

Cooperation between the Alisher Navoi Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature and the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan has likewise continued to develop dynamically. Their partnership encompasses joint research projects, scholarly publications, academic conferences, and collaborative initiatives in the humanities, linguistics, and literary studies.

Humanitarian cooperation has also acquired a strong institutional dimension. Since 2019, the Muhammad Fuzuli Azerbaijani Center for Culture, Education and Research in Tashkent has become an important intellectual platform for students, researchers, and academics interested in Azerbaijani language, literature, history, and culture.

Similarly, the Alisher Navoi Research Center, established within the Nizami Ganjavi Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, has become a significant venue for collaborative research on Turkic literature, comparative philology, and shared cultural heritage.

Regular literary evenings dedicated to the works of Alisher Navoi and Muhammad Fuzuli have further strengthened cultural dialogue, inspiring young people in both countries to explore the rich literary traditions of the Turkic world and reinforcing a shared sense of historical and cultural identity.

These initiatives demonstrate that educational cooperation between Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan has evolved beyond conventional academic exchange. It has become a strategic instrument of cultural diplomacy, scientific partnership, and intellectual integration, contributing to the long-term development of both countries and to broader regional cooperation.

Another significant dimension of Uzbek–Azerbaijani cooperation has been the establishment of specialized academic and cultural centers dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the shared intellectual heritage of the Turkic world.

The Kara Karayev Center, established at the Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture, introduces students to the rich musical legacy of the distinguished Azerbaijani composer while fostering professional cooperation in the field of performing arts.

Likewise, the Khurshidbanu Natavan Center, opened at Termez State University, has become a symbol of Uzbekistan's profound respect for Azerbaijani cultural heritage and a tangible manifestation of the growing humanitarian partnership between the two countries.

A landmark event took place on 13 September 2024, when a new Center for Uzbek Language and Culture was officially inaugurated in the city of Ganja. The center is expected to play an important role in promoting the Uzbek language, literature, history, and national traditions among Azerbaijani students and scholars while strengthening people-to-people ties between the two nations.

Collectively, these educational, scientific, and cultural initiatives have gradually evolved into one of the fundamental pillars of cooperation within the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), contributing to the formation of a common intellectual and educational space across the Turkic world.

Regular dialogue among the ministries responsible for education and science within the Organization of Turkic States has further accelerated this process. In particular, the visits of Emin Amrullayev, Minister of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan, to Tashkent, together with discussions involving Nagif Hamzayev, Member of the Milli Majlis of Azerbaijan, have elevated to the policy agenda the establishment of a comprehensive system for teaching the Uzbek language to international learners, modeled on Türkiye's internationally recognized TÖMER framework.

The implementation of such an initiative would substantially expand opportunities for foreign students to study the Uzbek language while simultaneously strengthening Uzbekistan's educational diplomacy and enhancing the country's cultural influence throughout the broader Turkic region. Beyond language instruction, the project could become an effective mechanism for promoting Uzbekistan's higher education system, national heritage, and academic potential on the international stage.

More importantly, the Turkic states are today becoming increasingly integrated not only in political and economic terms but also as a unified scientific and intellectual community. Shared historical memory, common cultural values, and mutual aspirations for innovation are gradually giving rise to a common educational ecosystem capable of generating new knowledge, technologies, and human capital.

Only a few years ago, the concept of a "common intellectual home" existed primarily as a strategic vision. Today, however, this vision is becoming a tangible reality within university classrooms, research laboratories, joint scientific projects, and international academic exchanges. Students, researchers, and faculty members have emerged as the principal architects of this transformation, strengthening academic cooperation through everyday collaboration and knowledge sharing.

The students who are currently studying in neighboring countries within an atmosphere of mutual trust, friendship, and respect will become tomorrow's scientists, engineers, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and innovators. They will jointly address such strategic challenges as regional economic security, transboundary water governance, environmental sustainability, food security, technological modernization, and scientific advancement.

From this perspective, educational integration in Central Asia should not be regarded merely as another dimension of humanitarian cooperation. Rather, it represents a long-term strategic investment in the formation of a single competitive intellectual space, capable of enhancing regional resilience, promoting sustainable development, and increasing the global competitiveness of Central Asia in the twenty-first century.

Ultimately, the future of regional integration will depend not only on infrastructure projects, trade agreements, or political dialogue, but also on the ability of the countries of Central Asia and the broader Turkic world to cultivate a new generation of highly educated, globally competitive professionals united by common values, shared responsibility, and a collective vision for regional prosperity. In this regard, cooperation in higher education, science, and innovation should be viewed as one of the most effective strategic instruments for ensuring lasting peace, stability, and sustainable development across the region.

Fazliddin MUMINOV,

Head of Department

Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation

of the Republic of Uzbekistan

This May, Baku will serve as the world's leading platform for discussions on the future of cities. From May 17 to 22, the capital of Azerbaijan will host the 13th Session of the World Urban Forum – the United Nations' leading global forum on sustainable urbanization. The forum's theme is "Housing for All: A Better Urban Future." Organizers indicate that the forum will address both the global housing crisis and the broader impact of housing on building inclusive, resilient, and climate-adapted urban environments.

According to UN-Habitat, nearly 3 billion people worldwide currently lack access to safe and affordable housing, more than 1.1 billion live in informal settlements or slums, and over 300 million are entirely without shelter.

For Uzbekistan, participation in this forum represents an opportunity to present its unique model of urban transformation to an international audience. Having moved beyond its image as a predominantly agrarian republic with ancient historic cities, the country today projects a new reality – expanding agglomerations, large-scale infrastructure modernization, and the growing significance of regional centers.

According to the National Committee on Statistics, as of January 1, 2026, the permanent population of the Republic of Uzbekistan exceeded 38 million, with the urbanization rate reaching 51 percent, representing nearly 20 million urban residents.

These figures mark a significant historical milestone. Uzbekistan has entered a stage in which national strength is measured not only by the throughput capacity of export corridors or the number of industrial zones, but also by the quality, connectivity, environmental sustainability, and economic productivity of its cities.

In contemporary Uzbekistan, a city is no longer merely an administrative unit. It is a place where young people receive education, entrepreneurs launch businesses, families seek affordable housing, and the state tests new approaches to infrastructure, transportation, and territorial governance. Rapid urbanization, however, is frequently perceived as a source of risk.

Indeed, when a city grows faster than its engineering networks, transportation arteries, and social infrastructure – schools, hospitals, parks –it begins to generate social tension rather than opportunity.

The Uzbek experience, however, is of particular interest precisely because urbanization is increasingly treated as a manageable resource for development. This process encompasses not only the construction of new districts, but also a transition toward a fundamentally higher quality of urban environment.

As the President of Uzbekistan has noted, each 1-percent point increase in the urbanization rate generates at least 1 percent of additional economic growth, with commensurate increases in investment flows, business and startup activity, and labor productivity. For this reason, Uzbekistan is developing a unified approach to the sustainable management of urbanization across the country.

To this end, the National Committee on Sustainable Urbanization and Housing Market Development has been established, tasked with implementing state policy in the areas of urbanization, housing construction, urban renewal, and mortgage lending. The Committee will also coordinate and advance programs across these domains.

The Future of Uzbekistan's Cities

According to World Bank projections, more than half of Uzbekistan's population currently resides in cities, and this share could exceed 60% by 2050. Such a trajectory means that urban planning, transportation, waste management, utility services, and public spaces are no longer merely matters of convenience –they are becoming a key determinant of national competitiveness.

This is where the core analytical insight lies: for Uzbekistan, urbanization is not a byproduct of demographic growth but a powerful lever of modernization whose economic rationale is abundantly clear. Quality infrastructure stimulates labor mobility, a livable urban environment attracts investment and talent, and the development of regional centers alleviates pressure on the capital.

While Tashkent naturally plays a pivotal role as the primary center of gravity, the country's sustainable development requires a deliberate shift of focus toward other cities.

Supported by the Asian Development Bank, cities such as Jizzakh, Khavast, Khiva, and Yangiyer are emerging as anchor points of this new geography, where projects for modern and inclusive infrastructure are being implemented. These cities exemplify the transformation of regional centers from peripheral locations into autonomous hubs of growth.

This approach fundamentally reframes the development philosophy. At its core lies not simply the decongestion of Tashkent, but a comprehensive strategy for creating genuine alternatives in the regions –with new employment opportunities, public spaces, transportation connectivity, a business-enabling environment, and high-quality municipal services.

To give powerful impetus to entrepreneurship in the regions, establish production of high value-added goods, and introduce urban living standards and conditions in rural mahallas, a program has been approved for the creation of 33 model districts and cities embodying the "New Uzbekistan" vision. The strategic objectives set by the President of Uzbekistan in this domain are ultimately aimed at transforming the architectural character of New Uzbekistan, while ensuring a dignified standard of living for the population and confidence in the future.

All of these measures are critically important for a country with a predominantly young population, since relocation to the capital must not be perceived by young people as the only viable path to self-fulfillment. In this sense, second-tier cities offer a new life scenario –education, employment, business, and a dignified existence without having to leave one's hometown.

Large-scale investment is being mobilized to realize this potential. In December 2025, the World Bank approved a financial package for Uzbekistan totaling $250 million. The funds will be directed toward improving municipal infrastructure and urban services in 16 districts and cities. The program covers territories with a combined population of approximately 3.6 million people and is expected to directly improve living conditions for roughly 1 million people by 2030. Among the anticipated outcomes are improved transportation access for 300,000 residents, the development of parks and public spaces for 400,000 residents, and the creation of approximately 10,000 temporary jobs in the construction sector.

Uzbekistan's Positive Achievements in Urban Development and Urbanization

Those figures matter not merely as investment statistics. They demonstrate that urban infrastructure is a form of social policy.

A compelling illustration of this principle is the experience of the Aral Sea region, which can be presented as a practical case study in implementing new approaches to territorial adaptation, water resource management, community support, and climate risk mitigation.

It is here that questions of urbanization acquire particular depth. How does one develop settlements in an ecologically vulnerable zone? How does one create employment where the natural environment has suffered severe degradation? How does one integrate afforestation, water security, public health, infrastructure, and the local economy into a coherent whole?

The answers to these questions are relevant not only for Uzbekistan. They hold lessons for many regions of the world where climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity are already affecting urban quality of life. Indeed, the story of Uzbek urbanization is significant not only as a national case study, but as a reflection of a broader strategic shift underway across Central Asia.

This shift marks a move beyond the traditional perception of the region through the prism of geopolitics, energy, raw materials, and transportation corridors. Today, the relevant question is framed differently: what will the cities of Central Asia look like?

Will they simply expand, consuming land and overstretching infrastructure? Or will they evolve into spaces where economic growth is reconciled with environmental responsibility, affordable housing, public transportation, green zones, and meaningful civic participation?

Uzbekistan stands precisely at this crossroads. Its advantages lie in its scale, demographics, and growing attention to regional development. Its challenge is to ensure that the quality of urban planning keeps pace with rapid urban growth.

In this sense, Baku –as host of the World Urban Forum –becomes a symbolic platform for the entire region. For Uzbekistan, it is an opportunity to demonstrate that its urbanization agenda carries both national and international significance. The country has the potential to offer the world a pragmatic yet human-centered approach –one in which the region functions not only as an economic node, but also as a mechanism of social resilience.

Altogether, Uzbekistan today stands on the threshold of the most ambitious urbanization reforms in its history. The new strategic plan envisions decisive measures aimed at supporting demographic growth and improving the welfare of the population. This is the central meaning of Uzbekistan's new urbanization.

Tursunboy Zikirov and Alisher Nizamov,

Heads of Departments,

The Institute for Strategic and Regional Studies

under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan