The globalization of today’s economy, together with the current geopolitical and geo-economic situation in the world, is shaping economic cooperation between states not only on the basis of geographical proximity, but also through the convergence of mutual interests.

Uzbekistan’s independent and balanced foreign policy is contributing to a steady annual increase in the number of its partner countries. While preserving cooperation with its immediate neighbours, this multifaceted foreign policy primarily serves to strengthen mutually beneficial relations with countries in different regions of the world. In particular, Uzbekistan’s relations with the Balkan states have developed across various fields in recent years. Cooperation with Serbia deserves special mention in this regard.

Diplomatic relations between Uzbekistan and Serbia were established on 18 January 1995. Since then, cooperation between the two countries has developed steadily at various levels. Although the pace of bilateral cooperation was relatively modest in certain years, Uzbekistan’s increasingly proactive foreign policy and its reforms aimed at diversifying international relations have significantly strengthened Uzbek–Serbian relations in recent years.

Over the past three to four years, mutually beneficial cooperation and political and economic dialogue between official Tashkent and Belgrade have reached a qualitatively new level. Exchanges between the two heads of state have consequently become important milestones in bilateral relations. In particular, the meeting between President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev and President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić, held on 20 August 2023 on the sidelines of the World Athletics Championships in Budapest, gave fresh impetus to cooperation between the two countries. The two leaders held their next meeting in Beijing on 3 September 2025. These meetings reaffirmed the parties’ interest in further expanding cooperation, particularly in trade, investment, industry, mechanical engineering, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, information technology, artificial intelligence, tourism, education and transport, as well as in intensifying interstate dialogue.

The fundamental principles of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy include, first and foremost, adherence to international law and the Charter of the United Nations, respect for state sovereignty and the inviolability of borders, friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation, non-interference in internal affairs, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes. From this perspective, the foreign ministries of the two countries are also conducting consultations on an equal footing and implementing measures aimed at advancing bilateral cooperation.

In August 2017, the Political Director of the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the President’s Special Envoy for Kosovo, Zoran Vujić, visited Tashkent. During the visit, prospects for political dialogue and cooperation with international organizations such as the United Nations, the OSCE and UNESCO were discussed with his participation.

In 2021, political consultations were held in Tashkent with the participation of Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs State Secretary Nemanja Starović. On 9 October 2025, the second round of political consultations between the foreign ministries of Uzbekistan and Serbia was held by videoconference.

The signing in 2022 of the Protocol on Cooperation and Interministerial Consultations between the two countries’ foreign ministries marked the beginning of a new period in Uzbek–Serbian relations. The document established a legal basis for the parties’ strategic plans to hold regular consultations, broaden cultural and humanitarian dialogue, and strengthen political cooperation in order to further develop relations between the two states.

In September 2025, the foreign ministers of the two countries met on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York. These engagements represented an important step towards establishing a new architecture of dialogue at various levels between Tashkent and Belgrade. As a result of these efforts, Uzbekistan appointed its first ambassador to Serbia in 2025, marking another important milestone in the further development of bilateral relations.

Although trade and economic cooperation between Uzbekistan and Serbia currently remains modest in scale, it is important to emphasize that the area holds considerable potential. Through Serbia, Uzbekistan has the capacity to expand its relations with other Balkan countries, including Croatia, Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Slovenia.

A number of measures are being developed to increase Uzbekistan’s trade with the Balkan states and to prepare extensive cooperation programmes in mechanical engineering, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, the chemical industry, information technology and digitalization, the agro-industrial sector, tourism and many other important industries.

The geopolitical and geo-economic instability witnessed worldwide in recent years has also prompted Uzbekistan to further develop international transport corridors. Uzbekistan, which has direct access to every Central Asian country, is recognized as being favourably located for expanding links between China, India, Europe and other countries. In order to capitalize on these opportunities, the country is seeking to open new transport corridors along the Central Asia–Balkans route. For Uzbekistan, the comprehensive development of trade and economic relations with the Balkan states within the framework of the Trans-Caspian Corridor is of strategic importance.

There are currently around ten enterprises with Serbian capital operating in Uzbekistan, including two joint ventures, while the remainder operate as individually owned business entities. Although bilateral trade amounts to approximately USD 12 million per year, there is substantial untapped potential for developing economic, investment and trade relations.

An examination of the priority areas, agreements and contracts identified during official negotiations and business forums held between the two countries in 2023–2026 shows that imports of industrial equipment, machinery and mechanisms from Serbia are of particular importance to Uzbekistan. Key priorities include introducing Serbian technologies into Uzbekistan, establishing joint ventures, launching the production of automotive components in the country, localizing selected manufacturing industries, and turning Uzbekistan into a production base serving not only the Central Asian market but also European markets.

For Serbia, investment projects in Uzbekistan’s agriculture, food industry, food-processing equipment, digitalization, artificial intelligence, pharmaceuticals, textiles and automotive sectors are particularly relevant. These include introducing European technologies into Uzbekistan, applying European know-how and experience across sectors and industries, and contributing to regional development. This would enable the two countries to further advance industrial cooperation and implement promising joint projects in light industry, textiles, pharmaceuticals, automotive manufacturing and agriculture.

In conclusion, although political agreements between the two countries are important, the first essential factor in translating them into tangible economic results is the launch of transport corridors, while the second essential factor is creating broad opportunities for business. To make effective use of these factors, the following steps should be taken:

First, the transport corridor between the two countries should become more than merely a “freight route”; it should provide Uzbekistan with access to European global value chains through the Balkans.

Second, alongside increasing the volume of mutual trade, serious attention should be paid to its quality. Priority should be given to exports of high value-added goods rather than raw materials, semi-finished goods or basic products.

Third, mechanisms to promote investment between the two countries should be developed. Attracting Serbian capital and technologies to Uzbekistan’s economy, while expanding the presence of Uzbek businesses in Balkan markets, would generate significant benefits for both economies.

Fourth, joint production should be introduced through the establishment of industrial cooperation between the two countries. Rather than manufacturing a product in one country and exporting it to the market of the other, combining the resources and capabilities of both states to enter third-country markets would be more economically advantageous.

Fifth, transport and logistics integration between the two countries should be established. In the future, such integration would not only reduce transport costs but also facilitate the development of new transit routes, thereby expanding trade opportunities.

Sixth, efforts to develop human capital and introduce technologies into production should be intensified. In this context, economic cooperation would extend beyond the exchange of goods and further strengthen ties among specialists, researchers, engineers and entrepreneurs.

In summary, the new economic bridge between Uzbekistan and Serbia can serve as an important pillar of economic growth for the countries of Central Asia and the Balkans. As a result, Uzbekistan will gain opportunities to develop international transport corridors, improve the efficiency of transport and logistics processes, reduce cargo delivery times by two to three times, establish a dry port, and enhance its international trade and transit potential.

Nodirbek Rasulov,

Doctor of Economics, Professor,

Project Manager at the Institute for Macroeconomic and Regional Studies

Zilola Akhmedova,

Dunyo IA.

At the border checkpoint, the line moves slowly forward. A border guard opens a passport, glances through its pages for a second, and presses down a fresh stamp. The traveler continues on their way undisturbed. At first glance, this is an ordinary, everyday procedure. Yet behind those few seconds lie years of intergovernmental negotiations, complex agreements, mutual trust and balanced diplomacy.

On the eve of the 35^th Anniversary of Independence, looking back at the path Uzbekistan has traversed, one can say with confidence that one of its most critical achievements has been the creation of an atmosphere of open and trusting good-neighborliness.

After all, Independence is not merely political sovereignty. Independence is a nation's right to live freely, to determine its own destiny, to build peaceful and mutually beneficial cooperation with neighboring states, and to engage in equal dialogue with the global community.

However, today's open borders and the environment of trustful good-neighborliness did not emerge on their own. Borders test not only history, but diplomacy itself. What now seems natural and familiar is the result of years of painstaking work, political will and a shared commitment to consensus.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, five Independent States appeared on the map of Central Asia. While political sovereignty was proclaimed, a significant portion of state borders remained unratified under international law. Lines that were considered mere administrative boundaries during the Soviet era turned into international frontiers overnight. The situation was particularly complex in the Fergana Valley, where borders cut through residential settlements, irrigation systems, pastures and motorways.

In those years, border demarcation was more than a political or legal issue - it directly impacted the daily lives of thousands of people. To travel from one village to a neighboring one located across the border, residents often had to make a detour of dozens of kilometers. Family visits became complicated and logistics costs for local entrepreneurs surged dramatically.

In this context, I would like to share a childhood story that deeply impacted me and one I still cannot recall without tears.

Exactly fourteen years ago, when I was twelve years old, my parents and I went on a trip across Uzbekistan. Along the way, we stopped for lunch. A woman was sitting at the adjacent table. Watching my father and me laugh and joke lightheartedly, she suddenly burst into tears. For a moment, I was confused and did not know what to do. Then she spoke:

“My name is Gulzoda. I was also the only and beloved daughter of my father. When I grew up, I married into a neighboring village. Only ten to fifteen minutes separated us from my parents' home. But then the border divided us. Our village remained in Uzbekistan, while my parents ended up in Tajikistan...”

She paused for a second as tears rolled down her cheeks again.

“A few years later, my father passed away. And I could not be there to bid him a final farewell. They did not let me cross the border...”

Now that I am older, I understand that a border is not just a line on a map. It is something that can profoundly shape human destinies.

Therefore, resolving border issues meant far more than simply drawing state lines. It restored trust between nations, served as a crucial step toward reviving economic ties, and laid a solid foundation for the overall development of the entire region.

A New Diplomatic Paradigm

Ongoing shifts in the global geopolitical landscape demanded new approaches, different policies and a fresh mindset capable of securing a strong international standing for the nation. It was under these conditions that the past decade became a period of profound transformation, new opportunities and rapid progress for Uzbekistan.

Foreign policy of New Uzbekistan designated Central Asia as its core priority. Open dialogue with neighboring states, practical cooperation, and the principle of mutual benefit formed the bedrock of this new diplomatic strategy. Its core idea was straightforward: the sustainable development of the region depends not on the isolated achievements of individual states, but on the harmonious alignment of their shared interests.

This policy translated into concrete action through the opening of new border crossing points, the revival of transport links and the steady expansion of trade and economic ties.

For instance, on March 1^st, 2018, “Jartepa – Sarazm” checkpoints on the Uzbek-Tajik border resumed operations. In August 2025, “Khovosobod – Zafarobod” and “Bekobod Auto – Khashtiyak” checkpoints in the Syrdarya region were officially granted international status. This enabled seamless border crossings for third-country citizens as well as passenger vehicles.

Along the Kyrgyz border, “Uch-Kurgan Auto” checkpoint in the Namangan region and the “Ken-Sai Auto” checkpoint in Kyrgyzstan were reopened. Today, they serve as a major transport corridor capable of processing over 500 cargo trucks and 300 passenger cars daily. Operations were also restored at the “Khanabad – Bek-Abad” checkpoints connecting the Andijan region with Kyrgyzstan, alongside the opening of the modern “Mingtepa – Kara-Bagysh” post. Furthermore, “Ak-Kiya” checkpoint leading to Shakhimardan and “Chashma” checkpoint serving the Sokh district were modernized and converted to 24/7 operations. On the border between the Fergana and Batken regions, new “Sogment – Chorbagh” border complex was launched.

On the Uzbek-Turkmen border, a New Free Trade Zone was launched near the “Shavat – Dashoguz” border checkpoint in the adjacent territories of the Khorezm and Dashoguz regions.

On the Kazakh front, the largest and busiest checkpoint, “Gishtkuprik – Zhibek Zholy”, underwent large-scale reconstruction. As a result, its daily capacity increased from 30,000 to 70,000 people, while its vehicle processing capacity exceeded 2,000 passenger cars per day. “Navoi – Kaplanbek” checkpoint in the Tashkent region was similarly modernized: traffic lanes were expanded from two to six, reducing average border crossing times to 30 minutes.

March 31^st, 2025, holds a special place in the modern history of Central Asia. On this day in Khujand, one of the region's most significant political and diplomatic events took place. Presidents Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Emomali Rahmon and Sadyr Japarov signed a historic Treaty on the Junction Point of the State Borders of the three nations. Simultaneously, Khujand Declaration was adopted and a symbolic Friendship Stele was unveiled at the border intersection.

History values specific documents not only for their legal weight, but for their power to transform the spirit of an era. The landmark agreements reached in Khujand marked the beginning of a fundamentally new chapter in Central Asian diplomacy. The legal settlement of border issues - long one of the region's most complex challenges - transformed not only the nature of relations between the three states, but the entire political climate of Central Asia, positively impacting the lives of millions today and for generations to come.

In geopolitics, trust is considered one of the most valuable assets. Where trust takes root, new transport corridors open, investments flow, trade volumes grow and security strengthens.

Concrete numbers clearly illustrate the practical outcomes of this trust. While Uzbekistan's trade turnover with Central Asian countries stood at approximately $2.5 billion in 2016, it exceeded $8 billion by the end of 2025.

Bilateral trade with Kazakhstan reached $5 billion, accounting for 60.2% of Uzbekistan's total regional trade. Trade volume with Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan reached $1.2 billion each, while trade turnover with Tajikistan surpassed $900 million.

Global Recognition and a New Geopolitical Reality

In recent years, regional cooperation initiatives put forward by Uzbekistan have gained strong backing within the United Nations. The adoption of UN General Assembly resolutions aimed at strengthening peace, stability, and sustainable development in Central Asia serves as practical proof that Uzbekistan's foreign policy is earning international confidence.

In the assessments of international experts, Central Asia is increasingly viewed as a region moving along a shared course, bound by solidarity, brotherhood, and common aspirations for the future. Uzbekistan's policy of resolving issues with neighboring states through negotiation has fostered mutual trust, accelerated transport and logistics projects, and created a more favorable climate for foreign investors. Particular significance is attached to the legal resolution of border issues, which is seen as a key step toward transforming Central Asia into a unified, interconnected economic space.

Specifically, according to Li Yonghui, Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, President of Uzbekistan's visit to Khujand and his trilateral meeting with the leaders of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan represented a pivotal moment in strengthening regional cooperation and stability in Central Asia. “The unveiling of the Friendship Stele symbolizes the strengthening of good-neighborly relations, trust, and strategic partnership among the three brotherly nations”, the expert noted.

Tazin Akhtar, Editor of “Pakistan in the World”, highlighted:

“In an era of global instability, strengthening regional alliances provides a solid foundation for stability and mutual support. Achievements in border delimitation, rising trade volumes, and joint infrastructure projects make Central Asia more open to external partnerships. Uzbekistan has demonstrated a firm commitment to constructive diplomacy, creation, and integration”.

Overall, Uzbekistan's foreign policy today built on openness, pragmatism and mutual benefit is cultivating a new atmosphere of friendship and trust across Central Asia. Borders between neighboring brotherly states have transformed from dividing lines into symbols of cooperation, trade and dialogue.

Return to the Border Post

...The border guard takes the next passport, verifies the document, applies the stamp and the gate opens. The traveler moves forward without looking back. They may not even realize how much political will sits behind that brief moment. Yet that is precisely the greatest success of state policy: it frees individuals from anxiety and obstacles on their journey, allowing them to focus on their goals and dreams.

Past decade of independence has been a period for New Uzbekistan not only to reinforce its sovereign statehood, but to construct a new architecture of trust and collaboration in Central Asia. Open borders, lasting good-neighborliness and the vision of shared development are now becoming part of everyday life.

Dear forum participants!

Dear guests!

I sincerely congratulate you, all those who make a worthy contribution to the development of the holy religion Islam, on the opening of the international scientific-practical conference dedicated to the study of the scientific heritage of the great muhaddis Imam Termezi in the homeland of outstanding Muslim scholars - in Uzbekistan.

It is gratifying that today's authoritative forum is attended by renowned specialists in the field of Islamic studies - prominent scholars and ulema, experts and researchers. In your person we see the continuers of the good traditions of the great thinkers who are the pride of the Muslim world - Imam Bukhari and Imam Termezi.

May the Almighty bless you, I wish you happiness and prosperity!

Dear friends!

Speaking about our outstanding ancestors-scientists, bright representatives of the Islamic world of the Middle Ages, we, of course, among the first names of Hazrat Imam Termezi.

We are rightfully proud of this incomparable person, the favorite disciple of the great Imam Bukhari, who was honored with the high rank of Sultan of Muhaddis, who has been glorifying our region for twelve centuries with his undying works and high human qualities.

Imam Termezi is recognized in the world as one of the six great muhaddis, his collection of hadiths is among the most revered and reliable sources, and the Muslim Ummah bows before the name of this outstanding man.

Another practical expression of such recognition is the fact that the topic for discussion at today's conference was the unique works of Imam Termezi “Ash-Shamoil al-Muhammadiyya” and “Sunani Termiziyya”, as well as important issues concerning the scientific heritage of the Ulema Termezis and its relevance today.

Dear participants of the conference!

In recent years, a great work has been carried out in our country to study and popularize the invaluable heritage of many of our thinkers-theologians who made a great contribution to the development of the Islamic religion, to honor their memory, to improve the places associated with their life and activities, including Imam Termezi.

It should be noted that a magnificent memorial complex has been erected in his honor in Sherabad district of Surkhandarya province, and an international research center, a specialized Islamic secondary school and an Islamic institute have been opened in the city of Termez bearing his name.

These institutions, together with the International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, the Centre for Islamic Civilization, the Hadith Scientific School and other religious educational and research organizations, are studying the rich heritage of Imam Termezi in a comprehensive and in-depth manner. In particular, works of the thinker are published, scientific researches, books and artistic works are dedicated to him.

I hope that after familiarizing yourselves with the work carried out in this direction within the framework of the conference, you will express your opinions and proposals on further activation of cooperation in this field.

We, the heirs of great scientists, emphasizing that Islam is a religion of peace, goodness and humanism, on the way of realization of good hopes and aspirations of mankind, consider it our most important duty to jointly enrich this incomparable spiritual treasure and preserve it for future generations.

I express my deep gratitude to the scientists and ulema of our country and to you, dear guests, to all figures of science who show real dedication for such a noble goal.

The doors of the leading research and educational institutions of Uzbekistan are always open for you.

Greeting you once again from the bottom of my heart, I wish you health, new achievements in your scientific and creative activities, and a successful conference.

Shavkat Mirziyoyev,

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan

On November 18, the first session of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan after the elections was held in Tashkent.

It was attended by President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev.

The session was opened by Chairman of the Central Election Commission Zayniddin Nizamkhodzhaev.

The National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan was played.

Temporary Secretariat of the first session, Counting Commission and temporary group on control over the use of electronic vote counting system were elected. The agenda was approved. The CEC Chairman presented information on the results of the elections to the Legislative Chamber.

On the proposal of the Council of Representatives of Political Parties, deputies elected Nuriddin Ismoilov to the post of Speaker of the Legislative Chamber of Oliy Majlis by secret ballot.

Then the chairmanship of the session passed to the Speaker. Deputy Speakers were elected. The factions of five political parties were registered. Ten committees of the Legislative Chamber were established in accordance with their agreed proposals.

President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev addressed the session.

At the beginning of his speech, the Head of State congratulated the deputies on their election, emphasizing that this is the embodiment of high trust and respect of our people.

It was emphasized that the current parliamentary elections have entered the history as being the first ones held in accordance with the updated Constitution. This process was conducted for the first time under a mixed electoral system.

As a result of the elections, 150 deputies were elected to the Legislative Chamber. Among them were 57 women and 11 young people under 35 years of age. Overall, the composition of the lower house was renewed by almost 60 percent.

The activities of the Chamber over the past five years were discussed. During this period, the Constitution has been updated and more than 130 new laws have been adopted, which is 1.5 times more than in the previous period.

The President also drew attention to the issues that remained out of parliamentary attention. For example, the share of laws with direct action and clear enforcement mechanisms remains low. Parliamentary and deputy control is still not effective enough. The activity of deputies in constituencies is mostly limited to organizing meetings, answering complaints and questions.

The Head of State outlined his vision of the new tasks ahead of the Legislative Chamber.

In particular, it was proposed to create public councils under each committee with the participation of representatives of civil society to strengthen the dialogue.

It is important to establish not only control and requirements in the work of parliamentary committees, but also close cooperation with ministries. It is also necessary to strengthen party and fractional discipline.

The President emphasized that lawmaking, primarily, should be aimed at solving urgent problems of society, and put forward a number of legislative initiatives. Among them are the construction of modern residential buildings replacing outdated ones, guaranteeing the protection of citizens' funds allocated for housing construction, support for private education and investors in the energy sector, introduction of compulsory health insurance, creation of a legal framework for franchising, capital market and startups, and relations arising in the field of artificial intelligence.

In order to boost the opposition, it was proposed to increase the number of guaranteed rights of the parliamentary opposition from 3 to 6, including giving it the positions of one committee chairman and two deputy committee chairmen, as well as additional rights to submit questions within the framework of the “government hour” and parliamentary inquiries.

Particular attention was paid to the need to transition to a system of broad, high-quality parliamentary control. In particular, in accordance with the updated Constitution, the control over the execution of the State Budget is the exclusive competence of the Legislative Chamber. In this regard, it is necessary to strengthen the work of the Chamber in this direction, including the introduction of the practice of submitting all reports of the Government on the State Budget to the Chamber only together with the audit report provided for by the Budget Code.

- A deputy is a servant of the people, a model for all, a person with a high level of political culture and knowledge, who sincerely loves his homeland. Our people, all of us, above all rely on you to strengthen peace, mutual understanding and harmony in the family, mahalla and society, to educate the youth in the spirit of patriotism, to defend the interests of Uzbekistan in the international arena, - said Shavkat Mirziyoyev.

Heads of political party factions and deputies addressed the session. The President supported their views, urged the deputies to work harder and be closer to the people.

- The voice of a deputy is the voice of the people. If you consider every issue concerning the fate of the country and first of all see our hardworking, generous and noble people in front of you, if you act thinking not only about today, but also about peace and happiness of future generations, then our people will be satisfied with you, - emphasized the Head of State.

The Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis adopted resolutions on the agenda.

There are about a thousand manufacturing enterprises operating in the electrical engineering sector of Uzbekistan, most of them small, producing over two thousand types of products. Almost all enterprises in the industry are privately owned. The total number of people employed in the industry exceeds 35,000.

The 76 largest enterprises in the industry, which produce over 90% of all electrical engineering products, are members of the Association of Electrical Engineering Manufacturers (UzEltechSanoat). Of these, 18 enterprises manufacture electrical wires and cables, 27 enterprises manufacture household appliances, and 32 enterprises manufacture power transformers and other electrical products.

The Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026 aimed to increase industrial production by 1.4 times by 2026, including doubling the production of high value-added products in the electrical engineering industry and tripling exports.

The Uzbekistan-2030 Strategy, adopted in September 2023, will ensure the achievement of all the goals outlined in the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan. It also sets the task of increasing copper processing in the electrical engineering industry to 300,000 tons per year and raising the localization level of manufactured products to an average of 65%.

Therefore, Uzbekistan pays special attention to the development of technologically advanced industries, including electrical engineering, and provides state support.

Over the past seven years, the President of Uzbekistan has adopted several legislative acts providing customs and tax benefits to enterprises in the electrical engineering industry, as well as subsidies to cover transportation and other expenses.

Specifically, until January 1, 2027, enterprises in the electrical engineering industry have received a 50% reduction in profit and property taxes. Additionally, benefits for exemption from customs duties on imported raw materials, components, and equipment for their own production needs have been extended.

Furthermore, several programs have been approved for the implementation of investment projects in the electrical engineering industry, focusing on technical and technological upgrades of existing facilities and the creation of new production lines.

Due to these measures, over the past 7 years, the volume of attracted investments in the industry has amounted to $935 million, of which about $400 million are foreign direct investments.

Additionally, more than 260 new investment projects worth over $800 million have been launched, including 50 cable production projects worth $120 million, 115 household appliance projects worth $380 million, 40 power equipment projects worth $60 million, and 58 other electrical engineering projects worth $250 million.

As a result, over 13,000 new jobs have been created, bringing the total number of jobs in the industry to 35,000.

As a result of implementing investment projects for modernizing and creating new production facilities, the production of new types of electrical engineering products has been mastered, particularly household appliances (washing machines, electric stoves, vacuum cleaners, hoods, water heaters, new models of refrigerators and washing machines under the Samsung brand, SMART HD TVs, built-in hobs and gas stoves, etc.); industrial air conditioners; new types of electrical cables (high and low voltage, used in solar energy systems, household appliances, as well as self-supporting insulated cables); dry transformers; electronics (monoblocks, SIM cards, electronic boards for household appliances); smart meters for electricity, gas, and water consumption; parts for solar panels and renewable energy stations; elevators and escalators; water pumps, etc.

Overall, from 2017 to 2023, the production volume of the electrical engineering industry increased 7.1 times to $1.98 billion, including a 5.5-fold increase in wires, cables, and copper products to $792 million; an 8.2-fold increase in household appliances to $633 million; and a 9.3-fold increase in power and technical equipment to $567 million.

The contribution of the electrical engineering industry to the development of the economy is also growing, and although the share of the industry's value added in the economy is still less than 1%, it has grown 1.5 times in recent years.

The growth in the production of electrical engineering products has contributed to an increase in export volumes, which have grown 5.5 times to $1047 million over the specified period, including a 4-fold increase in wires, cables, and copper products to $576 million; a more than 10-fold increase in household appliances to $214 million; and a 12-fold increase in power equipment and other products to $257 million.

It should be noted that the significant growth (more than 10 times) in the export of household appliances occurred due to the creation of new production facilities in Uzbekistan by Artel Electronics. In particular, the export volume of refrigerators increased 15 times to $58 million, televisions 6 times to $52 million, electric stoves 4.5 times to $40 million, washing machines 5 times to $20 million, air conditioners 4 times to $15 million, etc.

Moreover, not only the geography of export countries has expanded, but also the range of electrical engineering products supplied to foreign markets. Currently, about 200 types of various electrical engineering products are exported to almost 70 countries. The number of exporting enterprises in the electrical engineering industry has grown to 100.

In January 2024, a Presidential Decree "On Additional Measures for Further Increasing the Production and Export Potential of the Electrical Engineering Industry" was adopted, outlining target indicators for the industry's development in the coming years.

Specifically, in 2024, the plan is to increase the volume of production by almost 30% to $2.6 billion, exports by 43% to $1.5 billion, and the volume of copper processing into finished products to 140,000 tons. In 2025, the goal is to increase production to $3.2 billion, exports to $2.0 billion, and copper processing to 160,000 tons.

To achieve these targets, the Program for Creating New Production Capacities and Diversifying Production in the Electrical Engineering Industry in 2024-2026 and Beyond has been approved. The program aims to implement a total of 294 investment projects worth over $4 billion in the coming years.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the necessary conditions have been created in Uzbekistan for enterprises in the electrical engineering industry to increase production volumes and expand the supply of their products to both domestic and foreign markets.

Therefore, goals have been set to increase exports not only to traditional but also to new markets. In particular, there are plans to increase the export of electrical engineering products to European markets, considering the GSP+ preferential trade regime granted to Uzbekistan, as well as to South Asian and Middle Eastern countries.

Yuri Kutbitdinov,

chief Research Officer of the Center for Economic Research and Reforms under the Administration of the President of the

Republic of Uzbekistan

“Uzbekistan - 2030” strategy, adopted on 11 September 2023, identifies sustainable economic growth, the establishment of modern education, healthcare and social protection systems, creation of favorable environmental conditions, building a just and modern state and guaranteed national sovereignty and security as its priority areas. At the core of all reforms is the aim to increase citizens’ welfare, strengthen public trust in the state and ensure confidence in the future. The strategy represents a shift from goal-setting to results-based management, with clear accountability, measurable outcomes and linked financing.

Since its adoption, Uzbekistan has achieved significant progress. Between 2023 and 2025, nominal GDP rose from USD 107.5 billion to USD 140 billion, while exports, foreign investment and innovative activity also grew. Social indicators reflect the reforms’ impact: unemployment fell from 6.8% to 4.9% and poverty decreased from 11% to 6.8%.

What are the reasons for updating the “Uzbekistan - 2030” Strategy?

The need to accelerate the country’s further development has prompted the update of the strategy and its target indicators. The “Uzbekistan - 2030” Strategy has been revised in light of both external and internal factors.

External factors include the global geopolitical environment, international economic trends, technological innovations, environmental and natural changes and the growing demand for energy and water resources. Internal factors encompass demographic growth, urbanization and migration, which require strengthening institutional quality and improving governance efficiency.

In response to these challenges, a draft of the “Uzbekistan - 2030” Strategy for 2026-2030 has been developed and published for nationwide public discussion.

Within the updated Strategy, while retaining the same five priorities and 100 goals, certain tasks and performance indicators have been revised. Many of the previously established targets have already been achieved and new objectives have been added, resulting in an expanded and updated set of performance indicators. Moreover, the document specifies the responsible ministries and agencies as well as the concrete funding sources required to achieve each goal.

In which areas do the reforms provide “mechanisms for change”?

Economy. The largest number of tasks and performance indicators fall under “II. Ensuring the well-being of the population through sustainable economic growth.” The Strategy sets a target GDP of USD 240 billion by 2030 through measures such as maintaining annual inflation at 5–6%, ensuring fiscal stability, enhancing the country’s investment attractiveness, efficiently utilizing domestic raw materials and developing high-tech-based industry and services. The plan also emphasizes deepening Uzbekistan’s integration into global transport and logistics networks and strengthening the export potential of the national economy.

Transitioning to a green economy, transforming the country into a regional “IT HUB” through digital technology development, increasing competition in the banking sector, creating the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity and implementing comprehensive regional development will generate new jobs, ensure employment and increase citizens’ incomes. These measures are expected to reduce poverty, enhance overall well-being and stimulate the growth of key economic sectors, particularly construction, tourism and the service industry.

Education. The Strategy also aims to create favorable conditions for realizing the potential of the youth as well as developing the education and healthcare sectors. Under “I. Creating dignified conditions for the realization of each person’s potential,” performance indicators have been established to achieve goals by 2030, such as ensuring that 50% of graduates from general education schools and academic lyceums receive higher education and secure employment in sectors offering fair wages. Additionally, the inclusion of 10 higher education institutions in the global top-1000 rankings (QS, THE, ARWU) will enhance the competitiveness of Uzbek youth not only in domestic labor markets but also internationally.

The implementation of a cluster system “enterprise – university – research organization” will contribute to the expansion of innovative products in the economy’s “driver” sectors. The Strategy envisions the creation of spin-off type production clusters at higher education institutions to accelerate the process of integrating scientists’ research ideas into economic practice in areas such as transport and logistics, agricultural production, energy, biotechnology, geology and metalworking, mechanical engineering and electronics. Developing science, especially among youth, will improve Uzbekistan’s position in the Global Innovation Index and enable the country to enter the list of the top 60 most innovative nations worldwide.

Health. It is often said that a person’s education reduces health risks and increases life expectancy, while health - physical, mental and social - is the foundation for a full life and self-realization. The Strategy sets goals for the next five years to increase the average life expectancy of the population, reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases (ages 30–69), cancer and respiratory diseases and decrease the incidence of life-threatening congenital defects in newborns. In maternal and child healthcare, nine performance indicators have been established. The Strategy also prioritizes promoting healthy nutrition and lifestyles among the population and reducing adult obesity rates.

Social Protection. For vulnerable segments of the population, the state will continue its policy of fundamentally improving the system of professional social services, establishing a new support system for persons with disabilities and creating a comfortable and favorable environment for them. For children left without parental care, 100% implementation of alternative, non-institutional forms of care will be ensured and for children with special educational needs, coverage by inclusive education will be increased.

The state pays special attention to the expansion of women’s rights and opportunities. Different cultures have diverse perceptions of the roles of men and women, shaped by history, religion and traditions. At the same time, globalization and potential prospects for the country’s development require the implementation of policies ensuring gender equality and increasing the social and political activity of women. The draft Strategy includes tasks such as expanding the number of women trained in professional and entrepreneurial skills, increasing the number of women actively using information and communication technologies, raising the share of women in leadership positions to over 30 percent, and regulating family relations in households experiencing conflict or on the verge of divorce.

Ecology, Law and Security. The priorities of “Conservation of water resources and environmental protection”, “Ensuring the rule of law and organizing public administration oriented toward serving the people” and “Consistent continuation of a policy based on the principle of a safe and peaceful state” are also included in the Strategy, with specific tasks and performance indicators outlined.

Mechanisms for Achieving Goals for Each Priority

The mechanisms for achieving goals under each priority are reflected in strategic documents. For example, to implement the objectives of the priority “Conservation of water resources and environmental protection”, the National Climate Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation and the Strategy for Industrial Waste Management have been developed.

To develop the driver sectors of the economy and achieve GDP growth to 240 billion dollars by 2030, sectoral strategies have been formulated: Strategy for the Development of Industry of Uzbekistan, Strategy for the Development of the Automotive Industry, Strategy for the Development of Light Industry, Strategy for the Development of the Building Materials Industry, Strategy for the Development of the Jewelry Industry, Strategy for the Development of Tourism in Uzbekistan, Strategy for the Modernization, Accelerated and Innovative Development of the Construction Sector and others.

The development and implementation of strategic documents at the regional level will allow achieving goals and objectives in a comprehensive and targeted manner. For instance, Strategies for Comprehensive Development of All Spheres by 2030 in each region of the country consider socio-economic development through the lens of the local economy and the well-being of the population. The development of such documents involves not only local authorities but also leading ministries and agencies, including the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Investments, Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Digital Technologies, Ministry of Employment and Poverty Reduction, Ministry of Energy, National Committee on Ecology and Climate Change and others.

The development of sections of the Strategy involved national think tanks, such as the Institute of Macroeconomic and Regional Research, Center for Economic Research and Reforms, etc. This demonstrates that Uzbekistan implements a scientifically grounded policy (evidence-based policy), where decision-making in various spheres - economy, social policy, ecology, law and security - is based on scientific data, forecasts and expert assessments to achieve medium- and long-term goals.

Key expected outcomes until 2030 (macro outcomes)

The main outcomes of the updated “Uzbekistan – 2030” Strategy are expressed through economic, social, environmental, and other indicators. In the economic sphere, it is expected to achieve macroeconomic stability and sustainable GDP growth up to USD 240 billion, transform the country into a regional “IT HUB” and enter the top 60 most innovative countries in the world, deepen the republic’s integration into global transport and logistics networks and strengthen the export potential of the national economy. Creating a favorable business climate and sustainable jobs as well as ensuring employment for the population, will help reduce income inequality and poverty, with the elimination of absolute poverty based on minimum consumer expenditure and reducing its level to zero percent.

In the social sphere, Strategy provides for creating decent conditions to realize the potential of young people and improving education and healthcare, reflected in target indicators such as increasing life expectancy to 78 years, achieving 80% coverage of children in kindergartens, and 50% coverage in higher education. It also aims to enhance the quality of university education, include 10 higher education institutions in the TOP-1000 rankings of the world’s most prestigious universities (QS, THE, ARWU) and implement a cluster system connecting enterprises, universities and research organizations.

In the environmental sphere, the Strategy envisions continuing the transition to a green economy, introducing green energy technologies, constructing buildings that meet “green” standards, promoting a culture of rational water use, developing water-saving technologies, preventing air pollution and mitigating the negative impacts of climate change.

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor D.M. Karimova

Institute of Macroeconomic and Regional Studies

Republic of Uzbekistan

Cooperation between Uzbekistan and Serbia in digital technologies, IT services exports, startups, artificial intelligence and innovation entered a new phase in the second half of 2025.

A major milestone was the official visit of Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić to Uzbekistan on October 28, 2025, coinciding with the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During the first full-scale summit between the two heads of state, information technology and digitalization were identified among the priority areas for bilateral cooperation, alongside mechanical engineering, pharmaceuticals, the chemical industry, agriculture and tourism.

The two sides also signed a dedicated agreement on cooperation in engineering, advanced technologies, artificial intelligence and related fields, creating an institutional foundation for deeper technology partnerships.

From political agreements to technology projects

The high-level political dialogue was followed immediately by discussions focused on practical technology cooperation. On October 29, 2025, President Vučić visited IT Park Uzbekistan, where the Serbian delegation was introduced to Uzbekistan’s growing technology ecosystem, export-oriented IT companies and locally developed digital solutions.

The delegation was presented with solutions developed by companies and organizations including UniconSoft, Didox/Venkon, Kpi.com and UzSpace, as well as UZINFOCOM products such as Palm ID, HRM.argos.uz, uGaz and DMed. The discussions covered the potential establishment of a joint IT enterprise in Serbia, the deployment of Palm ID technology, and the development of a venture mechanism to support startups from both countries.

Towards the end of 2025, IT Park also promoted the Trucking Outsourcing Weekend with IT Park format in Belgrade, targeting logistics and outsourcing companies. The initiative was designed to demonstrate how Serbian and international businesses could leverage Uzbekistan to build operational teams, access skilled professionals, optimize costs and scale their international operations.

Moving towards a practical cooperation model

In 2026, the two sides continued efforts to translate the agreements reached in 2025 into practical business mechanisms.

At a business forum held in February with the participation of IT Park, government representatives and more than 80 entrepreneurs, discussions focused on IT outsourcing, business process outsourcing (BPO), knowledge process outsourcing (KPO), joint ventures, data centers and venture capital mechanisms.

One of the most promising concepts discussed was a “Serbia as front office, Uzbekistan as back office and delivery hub” model.

The concept is based on complementary strengths rather than competition between the two markets. Serbia offers geographic proximity to European and Western Balkan markets, experience in serving international clients, established business networks and a developed innovation ecosystem. Uzbekistan, meanwhile, can provide scalable technical and operational teams, competitive operating costs, a growing talent pool and a platform for expansion into Central Asia.

The value of this model lies in combining Serbia’s capabilities in client relations, business development and international networks with Uzbekistan’s strengths in technical delivery, workforce scalability and operational execution.

At a follow-up meeting in February 2026, Uzbekistan’s Minister of Digital Technologies Sherzod Shermatov and Serbia’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy Adriana Mesarović discussed in detail cooperation in the IT industry, artificial intelligence, data centers, digitalization of public administration, and cybersecurity. The Serbian delegation also visited IT Park Uzbekistan, UzSOC, and UZINFOCOM, where it reviewed cyber incident response mechanisms, as well as the infrastructure supporting government information systems and data centers. In turn, the Serbian side shared its experience in developing supercomputing infrastructure and data centers.

Сooperation indicators

Meanwhile, cooperation between Uzbekistan and Serbia in the export of IT services is demonstrating a steady positive trend. In 2024, two IT Park Uzbekistan resident companies exported services to the Serbian market, with a total export volume of approximately $42,000.

By the end of the first nine months of 2025, the number of IT Park residents working with the Serbian market had tripled to six companies. Concurrently, the total export volume exceeded $72,000, indicating a consistent expansion of Uzbek IT companies' presence in this market.

This positive trend continued into 2026. Notably, a resident company with a Serbian founder was registered with IT Park, providing further evidence of Serbian business interest in the opportunities within Uzbekistan's tech ecosystem. To date, the cumulative export volume of services to Serbia has reached approximately $130,000.

Thus, in a relatively short period, this cooperation has evolved from isolated export contracts to a more sustained interaction between companies from both countries. The growth in the number of exporters, the increase in the volume of services provided, and the registration of a resident with Serbian ownership create a favorable foundation for the further development of partnerships in IT outsourcing, BPO/KPO, digital solutions, startups, and joint technology projects. This positions Serbia not merely as another potential destination for Uzbek technology exports, but as a partner with substantial experience in building and selling internationally competitive digital services.

For Uzbekistan, closer cooperation with Serbia could generate several strategic benefits.

First, Serbia can serve as a platform for Uzbek technology companies to gain experience working with European customers, adapt their products to international requirements and build stronger overseas sales channels.

Second, Serbia’s established startup and acceleration infrastructure can help Uzbek startups improve investment readiness, connect with international investors and expand into new markets.

Third, cooperation in logistics technology, GameDev, GovTech, artificial intelligence and cybersecurity could support Uzbekistan’s transition towards higher-value technology and knowledge-based services exports.

For Serbian companies, Uzbekistan represents both a rapidly growing domestic market of around 38 million people and a gateway to the broader Central Asian region.

Serbian technology and service companies can use Uzbekistan to establish delivery centers and BPO/KPO operations, form joint development teams, identify technology partners and test products before expanding them into neighboring regional markets.

Uzbekistan also offers a growing pool of technical talent, an increasingly dynamic startup ecosystem, support mechanisms for technology companies and rising demand for digital solutions across both the public and private sectors.

The Economic Agenda of New Uzbekistan Takes on a Regional Dimension

The strategic significance of the Turkic world is growing amid profound shifts in global logistics. The member states of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) are forming one of Eurasia’s largest overland economic spaces, linking Central Asia, the Caucasus, Turkiye, and European markets.

The OTS region is home to more than 170 million people and possesses substantial economic potential. In 2025, the combined nominal GDP of OTS member states reached approximately $2.3 trillion, equivalent to around 2% of the global economy. In purchasing power parity terms, GDP exceeded $6.2 trillion, accounting for 3.4% of world GDP. The aggregate foreign trade turnover of OTS countries surpassed $1.2 trillion.

Proven natural gas reserves across OTS member states amount to approximately 19.9 trillion cubic meters, while proven oil reserves total 38.2 billion barrels, making the region one of Eurasia’s prominent energy centers.

The Turkic world is characterized by a high degree of economic complementarity. Turkiye and Hungary possess advanced industrial and engineering capabilities, while Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan hold substantial energy resources. Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan are strengthening their positions in manufacturing and agro-industrial production.

Against this backdrop, Uzbekistan is emerging as one of the most dynamic economies in the region. Over the past five years, the country has risen by 28 positions in Harvard Growth Lab’s Atlas of Economic Complexity, reaching 70th place among 145 economies. Average annual export growth stood at 13.4%, while non-energy exports expanded by an average of 17% per year, outpacing both regional and global trends.

In this context, the OTS is acquiring increasing practical economic relevance, with trade, transport, industrial cooperation, investment, and digitalization forming the foundation of a new model of regional connectivity.

Trade and Industrial Cooperation

Today, Uzbekistan’s cooperation within the OTS spans more than 35 areas. At the same time, the economic dimension of this engagement continues to deepen. Over the past nine years, Uzbekistan’s trade turnover with OTS countries increased 2.7-fold, from $4 billion in 2017 to $10.8 billion in 2025. Exports rose from $1.2 billion to $3.8 billion, while imports expanded from $1.8 billion to $7 billion.

Kazakhstan and Turkiye remain Uzbekistan’s largest trading partners within the OTS. Kazakhstan accounts for 46% of total trade, or approximately $5 billion, while Turkiye’s share stands at 28%, or around $3 billion. Trade with Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan also reached significant levels, totaling about $1.2 billion with each country.

The structure of trade is evolving. In Uzbekistan’s exports to OTS countries, manufactured goods account for 28.2%, machinery and transport equipment for 19%, food products for 11.1%, chemical products for 10%, and services for 12.7%. This reflects a gradual transition toward a more sophisticated trade model, with growing exports of finished goods, services, and products created through industrial cooperation.

Imports from OTS countries are closely linked to the needs of Uzbekistan’s modernizing economy. Key import categories include food products, mineral fuels, manufactured goods, machinery, and equipment, indicating the expansion of production linkages across the region.

According to estimates by the Center for Economic Research and Reforms (CERR), Uzbekistan has the potential to increase its exports to OTS countries by an additional $2.7 billion. The largest unrealized export opportunity is in Turkiye, where additional export potential is estimated at $1.8 billion.

This export potential is based on Uzbekistan’s competitive advantages across a number of product categories, particularly agricultural products such as dried fruits, vegetables, and nuts. The combined agricultural market of OTS countries is estimated at approximately $72 billion, where Uzbek producers already hold solid positions.

Further export growth could be driven by increased shipments of textiles, electrical equipment, construction materials, food products, fertilizers, copper, ethylene polymers, and other higher value-added goods.

Investment and the Institutional Framework for Cooperation

Trade integration within the OTS is being accompanied by deeper investment and industrial cooperation. Between 2017 and 2025, total investments from OTS countries into Uzbekistan exceeded $11.5 billion, including $3.8 billion attracted in 2025 alone.

These investments have been directed primarily to manufacturing, energy, agriculture, construction, and logistics. As of April 2026, more than 4,500 enterprises with capital from OTS countries were operating in Uzbekistan. These include joint manufacturing ventures, logistics projects, and industrial partnerships serving both regional and external markets.

Turkiye remains the most active investor. In 2025, Turkish investments totaled $2.4 billion, while the number of enterprises with Turkish capital in Uzbekistan reached 2,140. Turkish businesses are playing a major role in industrial production, construction, textiles, and transport and logistics infrastructure.

Kazakhstan, as Uzbekistan’s largest trading partner among OTS countries, is also one of its most important investment partners. More than 1,200 enterprises with Kazakh capital are currently operating in the country.

The signing of the Treaty on Allied Relations between Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan in 2024 has provided a major impetus to bilateral cooperation. As a result, 367 enterprises with Azerbaijani capital are now active in Uzbekistan.

The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with Kyrgyzstan has contributed to an increase in the number of joint ventures to 346.

Although the number of enterprises with Hungarian capital remains relatively modest, the projects being implemented are notable for their scale and technological sophistication. These include poultry clusters in the Syrdarya Region valued at $165 million and wastewater treatment facilities in New Tashkent worth $59 million.

An additional mechanism supporting joint projects is the Turkic Investment Fund. In 2025, its authorized capital was increased from $500 million to $600 million, with Uzbekistan contributing $100 million. Going forward, the Fund could become an important instrument for financing infrastructure, industrial, logistics, and digital projects across the OTS region.

For Uzbekistan, investment cooperation within the OTS facilitates capital inflows, export-oriented production, technology localization, broader industrial cooperation, and deeper integration into regional value chains.

Transport Integration

For a landlocked country such as Uzbekistan, transport connectivity is a critical prerequisite for expanding foreign trade and integrating into global production networks. Accordingly, transport has become one of the central pillars of economic cooperation within the OTS.

Growing trade among member states has been accompanied by a significant expansion in freight flows. Kazakhstan remains Uzbekistan’s most important transport partner, serving as the main land bridge to Russia, the Caucasus, and Europe. In 2025, freight volumes between the two countries exceeded 22.3 million tons, including 19.6 million tons transported by rail.

The Kyrgyz route is also demonstrating strong momentum. In 2025, cargo volumes between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan increased by 22.4% to nearly 5.4 million tons, while export shipments by all modes of transport more than doubled.

Transport cooperation with Azerbaijan and Turkiye is also expanding steadily. In 2025, freight volumes between Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan increased by 28.3%. Regular air service between Tashkent and Baku currently operates 14 times per week. Air links with Turkiye are similarly intensive, with 97 scheduled flights per week on eight routes, including services to Istanbul and Ankara.

Turkmenistan remains another important element of the regional transport system. A practical step toward facilitating border trade was the launch of the joint trade zone “Shavat–Dashoguz.” In 2025, freight volumes between the two countries rose by 22.5% to approximately 1.8 million tons.

As trade within the OTS expands, the development of resilient multimodal connectivity is becoming increasingly important. This requires an integrated system of corridors linking rail, road, air, and maritime infrastructure.

In this context, the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, widely known as the Middle Corridor, has gained particular significance. For Uzbekistan, this route is important not only as a transit corridor, but also as a strategic channel for expanding exports to Azerbaijan, Turkiye, Europe, and the Middle East.

The relevance of alternative Eurasian transport routes is increasing amid ongoing changes in global logistics. The restructuring of supply chains due to geopolitical instability has already raised transport costs for Central Asian countries by as much as 30% and extended delivery times by several weeks.

Against this backdrop, the China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan Railway is becoming strategically important as a new East-West transport link. Once operational, the railway is expected to reduce delivery times to 10 days and enable the transportation of up to 15 million tons of cargo annually.

In the longer term, integration of this route with the Middle Corridor and the Trans-Afghan corridor could reshape the transport geography of Eurasia. In such a system, Uzbekistan would be positioned not only as a transit country, but also as a full participant in regional value chains, supported by its own cargo base, logistics centers, transport companies, and industrial facilities.

At the same time, further progress in transport integration will require coordinated policies within the OTS. Key priorities include tariff harmonization, infrastructure development, capacity expansion, digital customs procedures, and the alignment of technical standards. These areas are gradually shaping the organization’s practical transport agenda.

The Digital Agenda as Trade Infrastructure

The theme of the current OTS Summit in Turkistan, focused on artificial intelligence and digital development, is directly linked to the broader economic agenda. In modern trade, competitiveness depends not only on product quality and proximity to markets, but increasingly on the speed of customs clearance, supply chain transparency, digital interoperability, and access to information.

For OTS member states, digital integration could become one of the most practical and impactful areas of cooperation. Harmonizing e-commerce standards, mutually recognizing digital documents, integrating customs information systems, and creating digital business registries could significantly reduce transaction costs and facilitate market access.

This is particularly important for small and medium-sized enterprises. Many firms face fewer tariff barriers than informational constraints related to partners, certification requirements, logistics, and payment mechanisms. A unified digital platform for businesses across OTS countries could serve as a practical tool for expanding trade, especially within border regions and regional supply chains.

Over recent years, Uzbekistan has accumulated substantial experience in the digitalization of public services and the business environment. This experience could prove highly valuable within the organization, particularly in areas such as e-government services, digital platforms, customs administration, and entrepreneurship support.

Conclusion

The OTS is gradually evolving toward a more practical model of economic cooperation. For Uzbekistan, this process coincides with the current stage of economic reforms aimed at expanding export capacity, developing industry, and strengthening connectivity with external markets.

As economic interaction within the OTS deepens, Uzbekistan’s role in shaping regional trade, transport, and production linkages continues to grow. In recent years, cooperation within the organization has already acquired a stable economic dimension encompassing trade, investment, industrial cooperation, transport infrastructure, and logistics.

In this context, the agenda of the informal OTS Summit in Turkistan places particular emphasis on the development and application of artificial intelligence and digital technologies. This reflects the growing interest among member states in modern forms of economic interaction, especially the digitalization of trade and logistics, the expansion of electronic services, the integration of infrastructure solutions, and the reduction of transaction costs across the region.

Against this backdrop, Uzbekistan’s participation in the informal OTS Summit is increasingly acquiring a practical economic focus. The expansion of trade, development of multimodal transport corridors, deepening industrial cooperation, growth in investment ties, and enhanced digital connectivity are creating a strong foundation for further integration into Eurasia’s regional production and logistics networks.

Ziyoda Rizaeva
Head of Public Relations and Media Sector
Center for Economic Research and Reforms

The year 2025 marked a stage of qualitative renewal and consolidation of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy positions. Amid a complex and ambiguous international environment characterized by rising geopolitical tensions, the transformation of global institutions, and intensifying competition for resources and markets, Uzbekistan, under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, consistently pursued an open, pragmatic, active, and proactive foreign policy. This approach not only helped preserve the stability of external relations but also infused them with new substantive content aligned with the country’s long-term interests and domestic development priorities.

As emphasized by the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, in his Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people on December 26, 2025, “in recent times the country has been becoming an international platform for dialogue where global issues are discussed.”

As an integral part of the large-scale socio-economic reforms underway in the country, the diplomatic strategy of New Uzbekistan was aimed at creating favorable external conditions for economic modernization, attracting foreign investment and tourists, expanding export potential, and strengthening humanitarian and cultural ties. The foundations of this foreign policy course remained the principles of openness, equal partnership, mutual respect, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, and strict adherence to international law.

Political dialogue at the highest level with prominent world leaders has reached a new stage and become regular. New agreements have been reached with the leaders of the United States, China, Russia, France, Italy, Turkey, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia and a number of Arab states. In 2025, the number of bilateral meetings at the level of heads of state and government exceeded 55, which indicates a growth in mutual trust with foreign partners.

A similar trend was observed in the development of intensive high-level political dialogue. Throughout the year, high-level Uzbek delegations carried out 172 visits to 93 countries, covering virtually all key regions of the world. Representatives of ministries, agencies, and regional administrations also played a substantial role in shaping the international agenda. With the support of diplomatic missions, they undertook around 300 official visits to more than 50 countries, bringing foreign relations to a more practical and results-oriented level.

Acting as an active host, Uzbekistan has become one of the centers of world diplomacy. This is clearly demonstrated by the fact that the country has hosted forums, assemblies and conferences of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the United Nations Civil Service, the UNESCO General Conference, the International Climate Conference, the Tashkent Summit of the countries of the region and a number of other major events. Our country has hosted over 120 high-level foreign delegations, as well as about 300 delegations from regional authorities of foreign states. These contacts have contributed to the development of interregional cooperation, the establishment of direct links between business circles and the expansion of the legal framework for cooperation.

Central Asia traditionally occupies a special place in Uzbekistan’s foreign policy strategy. In 2025, this priority received further institutional development. Uzbekistan chaired the Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia, with the chairmanship implemented for the first time on the basis of a comprehensive standalone program. Its agenda covered economic cooperation, transport connectivity, environmental issues, rational use of water resources, and humanitarian exchanges.

The organization of more than twenty major events and the holding in Tashkent of a summit of Central Asian leaders—historic in its outcomes and chaired by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev—became the culmination of regional diplomacy for the year. These developments confirmed the region’s aspiration to deepen mutual trust and pursue joint development.

Today, we can say with confidence that our vast region is becoming a unified, fully-fledged player in world politics for the first time in a long time. This is evidenced by the growing attention of the international community and the changed perception of the region on the global stage. A striking example is the development of the ‘Central Asia Plus’ formats, which in 2025 were filled with new concrete practical content. The summits with the European Union, China, Russia, the United States and Japan clearly demonstrated the region's increased role in global politics and strengthened its position as an area of stability, predictability and mutually beneficial cooperation.

An important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy in 2025 was the further expansion of its geographical reach. Alongside traditional partners in the CIS, Europe, and Asia, contacts with countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and South America were intensified. The first-ever bilateral high-level engagements with Slovakia, Serbia, Jordan, Paraguay, and several other states testified to the consistent expansion of Uzbekistan’s international presence. As a result, the total number of countries with which Uzbekistan maintains diplomatic relations reached 165.

Against this backdrop, several events of strategic significance had a profound impact on Uzbekistan’s foreign policy positioning in 2025. The signing of the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the European Union and President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s visit to Brussels marked a transition in relations with the EU to a qualitatively new level. The agreement established a solid legal framework for deepening political dialogue, expanding trade and economic ties, attracting investment, and developing cooperation in sustainable development, the green economy, and digitalization, while also reflecting the high assessment by European partners of Uzbekistan’s ongoing reforms.

Continuing its course toward expanding and deepening engagement with key global centers of power, Uzbekistan steadily developed relations with the United States. A landmark event in this regard was the successful outcome of the “C5+1” summit held in Washington in November, which brought together the leaders of the United States and the Central Asian states. Uzbekistan’s role in this format has been widely recognized by international experts and policymakers as that of a key initiator of regional cooperation and a responsible partner of the United States in the areas of sustainable development, security, economic interaction, and humanitarian ties.

Equally significant was the participation of the President of Uzbekistan in the session of the United Nations General Assembly. The head of state’s address from the UN’s main international platform reaffirmed the country’s commitment to multilateralism, peaceful dialogue, and the collective search for solutions to pressing global challenges.

In 2025, four resolutions initiated by Uzbekistan were adopted by the UN General Assembly, reflecting the country’s priorities in sustainable development, regional security, and humanitarian cooperation. In addition, Uzbekistan was elected to several authoritative UN bodies, underscoring the growing trust of the international community.

A historic event of the year was the holding of the 43rd session of the UNESCO General Conference in Samarkand. For the first time in forty years, this forum took place outside Paris, representing unprecedented recognition of Uzbekistan’s cultural, historical, and civilization significance. For several days, Samarkand became a global platform for dialogue on education, science, and culture, strengthening the humanitarian dimension of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy and its image as a center of intercivilizational interaction.

Alongside active political diplomacy, economic diplomacy developed dynamically in 2025, firmly establishing itself as one of the key instruments of the country’s foreign policy. Systematic work within the framework of “Ministry of Foreign Affairs — diplomatic missions — sectoral agencies — regions” yielded tangible results in attracting foreign investment and expanding external economic ties. Over the first ten months of the year, USD 34.4 billion in foreign investment was mobilized with the support of diplomatic missions.

The effectiveness of Uzbekistan’s economic policy received high praise from international financial institutions and rating agencies. In 2025, Fitch Ratings and S&P upgraded the country’s sovereign credit rating from “BB-” to “BB,” while Moody’s revised its outlook from “stable” to “positive,” reflecting growing confidence in the economy and the sustainability of ongoing reforms.

The intensification of foreign economic activity also contributed to the growth of trade indicators. Over the first eleven months of 2025, Uzbekistan’s foreign trade turnover reached USD 72.7 billion, with exports amounting to USD 30.8 billion—an increase of USD 6.6 billion compared to the same period of the previous year. A significant reduction in the trade deficit was the result of targeted efforts by diplomatic missions to diversify markets and promote domestic products abroad.

Tourism, as an element of “soft power,” played an important role in shaping Uzbekistan’s positive international image in 2025. Over eleven months, the country was visited by 10.7 million foreign tourists, with more than one million foreign visitors welcomed each month on average. Active participation in international exhibitions, large-scale promotional events abroad, and the hosting in Tashkent of the first “Central Asia–European Union” Tourism Forum helped strengthen Uzbekistan’s position as one of the most promising tourist destinations in the region.

Considerable attention was also devoted to protecting the rights and interests of Uzbek citizens abroad, an important humanitarian dimension of foreign policy. From January to September 2025, more than 385,000 consular actions were carried out, including the return of unlawfully confiscated documents and the recovery of unpaid wages, alongside the implementation of programs facilitating the return of compatriots to their homeland. In parallel, digital consular services were improved, the geography of visa-free and simplified entry for Uzbek citizens was expanded, and cooperation with diaspora communities was strengthened.

In summary, the outcomes of 2025 clearly demonstrate that Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has reached a high level of maturity, consistency, and effectiveness. The country not only strengthened its positions on the international stage but also successfully leveraged diplomatic instruments to support domestic development, enhance investment attractiveness, and improve the quality of life of its citizens. Uzbekistan concludes the year with an expanded network of partnerships, a robust legal and contractual framework, and a clear vision for the future—remaining open to the world and looking ahead with confidence and optimism.

Dunyo IA

The text of the article is in Russian!

Libraries play a key role in education, culture, and community development, providing an invaluable resource for accessing knowledge, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting intellectual growth. In the modern information society, they remain an important institution that promotes the education and self-development of people of all ages.

President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasised during the opening ceremony of the People's Library under the President of the Republic of Turkey in Ankara: “Intellectual potential, high morale is what makes a nation strong. The source of this invincible power is books and libraries – the great invention of mankind”.  

At the present stage, education has become one of the most important areas of state policy. The government of the Republic of Uzbekistan pays special attention to the development of this sphere, recognizing its key role in the prosperity of the country. In recent years, the republic has achieved significant success in the educational domain. These achievements are aimed at modernizing the system, improving the quality of education and training, and expanding access to education for all citizens of the country.

At the same time, special attention is paid to the promotion of reading and the fostering of the reading culture of the population. And in the Presidential Decree adopted on September 13, 2017, “On the program of comprehensive measures to develop the system of publishing and distributing book products, improving the culture of reading”, clear goals are outlined for the creation of an effective system of information and library services to the population, which served to move this area to a new stage of development and contributed to raising the level of social and information culture and the role of libraries, made it possible to develop and implement modern innovative and educational technologies that increase the competitiveness of Uzbekistan in the world market.

In addition, the Presidential Decree “On further improvement of information and library services for the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan” was adopted on June 7, 2019. The main goals of the decree are:

• improving the regulatory framework in order to ensure high-quality social guarantees to the population for information and library services;
• development of information and library institutions taking into account modern requirements;
• promoting the sustainable development of information and library services the for population in the regions;
• strengthening the material and technical base of information and library institutions;
• development of public-private partnerships in the library sector, a network of private and electronic libraries;
• expanding cooperation with Internet resources that specialize in distributing electronic books to improve the efficiency of libraries and the efficiency of servicing (including paid) users;
• ensuring the safety of information and library institutions and the safety of information and library collections as part of the national and world cultural heritage;
• formation and enhancement of the information culture of society, sustainable interest in national history and culture, enhancement and promotion of a reading culture;
• staffing information and library institutions with qualified specialists.

The adoption of this decree expands the range of services in the country, including access to electronic resources and holding cultural and educational events, as well as improving staff qualifications and introducing modern methods of user service. In addition, these changes not only contribute to the development of the information society and economic growth by attracting investment in education and culture, but also promote the formation of a literate and informed society, which is an important step in the development of the country.

The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers dated December 14, 2020 approved the National Program for the Development and Support of a Reading Culture for 2020-2025, which includes the publication of quality books that meet the spiritual, educational, artistic and aesthetic needs of the population; supporting the activities of publishers and artists, publishing children's literature; translation of the best examples of national and world literature; simplification of the organization of book sales; improving the delivery system for newly published books and distribution of information sources; expansion of international cooperation in the field of online ordering of foreign work, their delivery and distribution.

In turn, it should be noted that within the framework of the “Uzbekistan - 2030” Strategy, special attention is paid to the popularization of masterpieces of Uzbek and world literature. The country's leadership strives to instil in citizens a love of reading and ensure access to libraries and information services for everyone.

The Strategy “Uzbekistan - 2030” puts forward such main goals as increasing the number of young book lovers to five million, the annual creation of 100 works of art and 50 books for children and adolescents, the publication of the multi-volume book “Uzbek adabiyoti khazinasidan” (“From the Treasury of Uzbek Literature”), the 100-volume book “Jakhon Bolalar Adabiyoti Durdonalari” (“Pearls of World Children’s Literature”) in Uzbek, as well as the digitalization of a book fund of almost 40 million books.

On November 28, 2023, there was signed the Presidential Decree “On measures to implement the project “A Thousand Books for Youth”, aimed at creating a system for translating books popular in the world into Uzbek, that contribute to increasing the intellectual and scientific potential of the younger generation.

At the same time, within the framework of the “Olympiad of Five Initiatives”, the following 5 projects in the field of reading and intellectual games are annually implemented: “Young Reading Family”, “Poetry Competition”, “Young Reader”, the intellectual game “Zakovat” and the project “Example of Foreign Languages”. These projects increase the interest of young people in reading books and help expand logical thinking and knowledge through intellectual games.

The “Young Reader” and “Young Reading Family” competitions are important events held to promote reading, the spiritual enrichment of youth, and increase their intellectual potential. This competition serves to increase interest in books among young people and expand their knowledge and horizons.

Also, within the framework of the project “A Thousand Books for Youth”, the Agency for Youth Affairs will have to work on acquiring rights to use works from authors, translating them into Uzbek, and preparing for printing and publishing books on the basis of a state order and at the expense of the State budget (with the exception of books, published for state higher educational institutions).

Two stages have been established for translation into Uzbek and the publication of popular books in the world. First: a preliminary list of books is formed annually by the Expert Council. Second: the preliminary list is posted in the information systems of the Agency for Youth Affairs for selection by the population by voting, and thus the final list is formed.

The list of books published annually must include at least 20 percent of popular science works. The rights to the works prepared for publication will belong to the Agency for Youth Affairs, which will provide them free of charge to publishing houses.

It is also planned to create and ensure the continuous operation of a special mobile application that accumulates literature in the Uzbek language and provides the population with free access to a wide range of information. On the recommendation of the Expert Council, the works will be distributed to information and library institutions (including libraries of public and administration authorities), and electronic versions will be donated free of charge to the Alisher Navoi National Library of Uzbekistan and the relevant institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan for wide use by readers.

The necessary spiritual, legal, material, and technical basis has been created in the Republic to develop children's literature and improve the quality of textbooks and teaching aids. The country's publishing houses have increased the publication of works by authors of world and Uzbek children's literature. In accordance with a number of documents adopted to promote book reading, systematic measures are being taken in all regions to popularise literature among children and adolescents. Over the past four years, a number of presidential decrees and government resolutions have been adopted to guide the country's publishing, printing, and bibliographical information institutions.

Thus, bibliographical information services play a critical role in ensuring public well-being by providing citizens with easy access to information, knowledge, and culture. In addition, the development of digital services, collaboration with communities, and the use of new technologies strengthen the role of libraries as centres of learning, information, and communication. This helps to enhance the capabilities of people and stimulates their desire for education. The development of the potential of information and library services contributes to lifelong learning, self-improvement, cultural and spiritual enrichment of the population. This is of crucial importance for modern society.

Ramzidin Nuridinov

Expert of the Development Strategy Center.

The First Deputy Director of the Institute for Strategic and Regional Studies under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Akramjon Nematov shared this assessment, commenting on the results of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev's visit to Turkiye.

According to him, the official visit of the Uzbek leader to the Republic of Turkiye, which concluded on January 29, 2026, should be viewed not only as another event on the bilateral political calendar, but above all as an important milestone in the institutional strengthening of Uzbek-Turkish relations. Its results convincingly confirmed that the interaction between Tashkent and Ankara, which was largely fragmented just a few years ago, has reached a qualitatively new level – the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership based on pragmatism and mutual benefit.

The personal role of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev in shaping this new quality of relations deserves special mention. His proactive policies and strategic approach have enabled bilateral cooperation to reach a systemic level, where pragmatism is combined with a long-term focus on sustainable development. Thanks to the President's initiative, visits and cooperation programs have become regular and institutionalized, and the agreements reached have begun to be implemented with clear planning and measurable results, strengthening trust between the countries and creating a reliable platform for economic, humanitarian, and technological ties.

Thus, the current visit's program, which included talks in narrow and expanded formats, as well as the fourth meeting of the High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council, demonstrated a high level of political trust and the maturity of the bilateral dialogue. While such meetings were previously held sporadically, today the Strategic Cooperation Council functions on a regular basis, ensuring the continuity of decisions and overseeing their implementation. Symbolically, the key events took place on the eve of the holy month of Ramadan and the 30th anniversary of the Treaty of Eternal Friendship and Cooperation, underscoring the value-based and historical foundation of the partnership.

Of fundamental importance is the fact that Uzbek-Turkish cooperation is currently characterized by constructive and pragmatic mutual approaches, and is being built as an open partnership model focused on ensuring shared security and sustainable development. This is reflected in the finalization of the "4+4" format, which brings together coordination across foreign policy, defense, and law enforcement agencies. Unlike previous consultation mechanisms, this format is practical in nature and allows for a systemic response to cyber threats, cross-border crime, and other unconventional challenges.

The economic dimension of the partnership demonstrates sustained positive momentum and a high degree of complementarity. In recent years, mutual trade has more than doubled, reaching $3 billion by the end of 2025, compared to just $1.5 billion at the beginning of the decade. The goal set by the heads of state to increase trade turnover to $5 billion is supported not by mere declarations, but by a real investment portfolio of approximately $9 billion. The number of enterprises with Turkish capital has also increased significantly: while there were previously hundreds, today over 2,100 such companies operate in Uzbekistan, demonstrating growing business confidence and the formation of a solid material foundation for the strategic partnership. The need for further advancement of projects in industry, agriculture, social protection, and other priority areas was emphasized, including by expanding the list of goods covered by the Preferential Trade Agreement.

In preparation for the visit, new priority areas of industrial cooperation were identified, which will be implemented under a separate program. Compared to previous stages of cooperation, which focused primarily on trade and construction, the current emphasis is on joint production, localization, and export-oriented industries. Particular attention is paid to developing cooperation in tourism, theater festivals and cultural weeks, joint production of historical films, and the restoration of cultural heritage sites, reflecting the expanding humanitarian component of the partnership.

It is particularly noteworthy that the agreements reached are directly aimed at addressing the structural challenges of Uzbekistan's national development. The development of the Middle Corridor and the cooperation in transport and transit enshrined in the corresponding protocol are aimed at overcoming the country's geographic isolation and diversifying external logistics routes. Compared to traditional routes, these solutions reduce delivery times and increase the resilience of supply chains. Agreements on industrial cooperation, the management of special economic zones, and the creation of joint clusters contribute to reducing the economy's reliance on raw materials and fostering high-value-added production. The transfer of technological competencies, including nuclear safety and digitalization, should be viewed as an element of sovereign modernization, not technological dependence.

A fundamentally new stage has been the expansion of cooperation to the regional level. The intention to organize visits by delegations from all regions of Uzbekistan to Turkiye reflects the transition from a centralized model of interaction to a more flexible, decentralized partnership architecture. While interregional contacts were previously limited, the Action Plan for 2026–2027 envisages the formation of sustainable partnerships between the regions of the two countries, the launch of joint projects, and the development of a portfolio of local initiatives. Significant potential for implementing advanced Turkish practices in agriculture, horticulture, healthcare, and medical tourism has also been noted.

The military-technical cooperation sector deserves special attention. Compared to previous years, when interaction was limited to consultations, the signed agreements provide for deeper cooperation in military medicine, personnel training, and the implementation of surveillance systems and unmanned aerial vehicles. This cooperation is exclusively defensive in nature and is aimed at enhancing the professional level and technical capabilities of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan, which is a rational contribution to strengthening national defense capability.

The humanitarian dimension of the Uzbek-Turkish partnership lends further depth and stability to the relationship. The implementation of the Cultural Cooperation Plan for 2026–2027, the agreement to hold the fourth Rectors' Forum in Bukhara, and joint education projects form a long-term foundation for cooperation. Uzbekistan's participation in the reconstruction of the earthquake-damaged Hatay province, the construction of the "Uzbekistan" residential complex, and a comprehensive school have become clear examples of practical solidarity. The start of construction of an Uzbek school in the Bekirkoy district of Istanbul—Uzbekistan's first educational institution abroad—is also symbolic, reflecting the strategic focus on the humanitarian aspect of cooperation and outreach to the diaspora.

Overall, the visit to Turkiye confirmed that Uzbek-Turkish relations are developing as a pragmatic, dynamic, and responsible partnership. Compared to previous stages of bilateral cooperation, the current format is characterized by greater institutional stability, expanded economic and regional cooperation, and deepened humanitarian ties. The agreements reached create additional tools for overcoming transportation and technological constraints, modernizing the economy, strengthening defense capabilities, and ensuring shared security, forming a solid foundation for further expanding Uzbekistan's international cooperation in a changing global environment.

«Dunyo» IA

Tashkent